Какую роль играют в природных сообществах растения: Какую роль играют растения в природном сообществе?

Какую роль играют растения в природном сообществе? 6 класс

Ответ №1

Роль растений в жизни природного сообщества Роль растений в жизни природного сообщества огромна. Зеленые растения обогащают атмосферный воздух кислородом, необходимым для дыхания подавляющему большинству организмов. В растениях в процессе фотосинтеза образуются огромные массы органических веществ, которые затем используются как пища многими обитателями природного сообщества. Растения в биоценозе существенным образом влияют на климат, способствуют сохранению влаги. Зеленые насаждения очищают воздух от пыли и вредных газов, увлажняют его. Лесные посадки благоприятно влияют на микроклимат местности: задерживают ветер, смягчают зимнюю стужу, ослабляют жару, задерживают снег. Растения — это убежище (дом) для многих животных. Так. птицы устраивают гнезда на деревьях, в зарослях травы. используя части растений (ветки, листья, стебли) в качестве строительного материала. Камышевка строит гнездо в зарослях камыша, иволга — на тонких ветках деревьев и т. д. Под корой деревьев живут жуки-короеды, на корневой системе находят корм личинки майских жуков.Заросли растений скрывают животных от врагов. Значение растений в жизни животных настолько велико, что их существование без растений было бы невозможным. Велика роль растений в формировании почвы. Отмершие растительные остатки (листья, стебли, стволы деревьев и т. д.) перерабатываются детритофагами — организмами, которые питаются мертвой органикой, образуя почву. Корни растений скрепляют почву, предохраняя ее от разрушения. Для того, чтобы не увеличивались овраги, на их склонах и обрывах рекомендуют сажать деревья. Многие шляпочные грибы могут жить только под деревь ями. Грибникам хорошо известно, что подберезовики можно найти под березами, подосиновики — в осиновом лесу, а маслята — под соснами и лиственницами. Такая связь между грибами и деревьями объясняется тем, что гифы грибницы оплетают корни деревьев и даже проникают внутрь их клеток. Корни дерева получают от гриба воду и минеральные соли, а гриб от корней — органические вещества. Подобные взаимоотношения называют симбиозами. В жизни природного сообщества растения играют первостепенную роль.

Источник: http://www.zachetki.net/biologiya/zhivie/184-prirodnoe-soobschestvorol-rasteniy-v-prirodnyh-soobsche…

Роль растений в природных сообществах

РОЛЬ РАСТЕНИЙ В ПРИРОДНЫХ СООБЩЕСТВАХ

Ва

В природе виды растений, животных, грибов и микроорганизмов распределяются не случайно. Они всегда образуют определенные, сравнительно постоянные комплексы тАУ природные сообщества. Такие комплексы взаимосвязанных видов, обитающих на определенной территории с более или менее однородными условиями существования, называют биоценозами

Биоценоз тАУ сложная природная система, состоящая из разных групп организмов, различающихся по роли, которою они играют в переносе энергии и вещества, по месту, занимаемому в пространстве и в пищевой системе

В природе можно выделить различные биоценозы: леса, пруда, болота, луга, моховой кочки, разрушающегося пня и т.д. Более мелкие являются в природе частями крупных

Биоценозы Ва — не случайные собрания разных организмов. В сходных природных условиях и при близком составе видов растений и животных возникают сходные, закономерно повторяющиеся биоценозы

Члены природного сообщества вязаны прямыми или косвенными пищевыми отношениями, создают среду обитания друг для друга и взаимно регулируют численность

Виды приспособились к совместному обитанию в ходе эволюции. В биоценозах идут процессы борьбы за существование и естественного отбора

В любом биоценозе различают три группы организмов: производители органического вещества (зеленые растения), его потребители (растительноядные, всеядные и хищные животные) и разрушители (почвенные черви, бактерии, плесневые грибы)

Примерами растительных сообществ являются лес, болото и луг. Все растения этих сообще ств пр испособлены к особым условиям совместной жизни. Роль растений в жизни природного сообщества огромна. Зеленые растения обогащают атмосферный воздух кислородом, необходимым для дыхания подавляющему большинству организмов. В растениях в процессе фотосинтеза образуются огромные массы органических веществ, которые затем используются как пища многими обитателями природного сообщества

Растения влияют на климат, способствуют сохранению влаги, очищают воздух от пыли, задерживают ветер, смягчают зимнюю стужу, ослабляют жару, задерживают снег

Растения Ва — это убежище для многих животных, растения формируют почву, скрепляют ее. В жизни природного сообщества растения играют первостепенную роль

Ва

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 90000 What Role Do Plants Play In Our Existence? 90001 90002 I have been pondering this question a bit lately as I work with essential oils and herbs as energetic healers and their profound healing never ceases to amaze me. 90003 90002 It came to me that they are a bridge between heaven and earth. With their roots in the earth and their leaves in the air, they are so connected on so many levels to this plane of existence, and remind us of the importance to be grounded in this reality, whilst still reaching for the heavens.Yes, we can be in both places at once and experience heaven on earth. 90003 90002 They also show us how to just simply BE. Sitting with a plant and acknowledging it’s existence and allowing it’s presence to come to you is a profound experience. 90003 90002 I recently had the most amazing experience whilst visiting a dear friend on her property in the Hudson Valley New York. How I came to be there is another story! Anyway, as we drove into the driveway, I was struck by how happy the trees were that we were there.Although she had purchased the property, her depression had not allowed her stay there on her own and hence my visit. 90003 90002 The property was lonely, and as I connected with the trees and plants I watched the forest come to life and become so present with us. By the fourth day we were sitting in the kitchen overlooking the forest and they were so PRESENT they were practically sitting in our laps. It was such a beautiful experience, and I was reminded of Eckhardt Tolle’s words that a tree does not know it is a tree until we are present with it and acknowledge it’s existence.How humbled I was when I realized that the trees and plants need US as much we need them. In return the trees and plants offer us so much. 90003 90002 If you are ever feeling alone, choose a tree or plant to connect with and allow their presence to come into your awareness. After my experience I find myself connecting with and giving gratitude to the plant kingdom, that up till then I had taken for granted. I noticed some trees surviving besides a railway line and was so grateful for their beauty in such a stark environment and the pollution they were cleansing from the air.90003 90002 Their innate wisdom has been evolving with us and it seems before us, so they are ready to provide the medicine we need on every level. The forest I visited was in need of healing and one day whilst I was preparing an intuitive blend of oils for a friend I could hear the forest saying «what about us?» so clearly. I turned around to look at the trees and asked them if they wanted an oil blend, and they most definitely did, and although it was the most unusual request I have ever had, I did not hesitate.90003 90002 The following day my friend and I walked around the property and sprayed the trees with their forest blend. I could sense their joy and just had to trust it was exactly what was needed and that I had not lost my marbles! 90003 90002 It would take more than a book to ponder the role plants play in our existence, and I leave that to much more learned people than I. That being said, I hope this article inspires you to give our humble plants and trees more than a cursory glance and you just may be surprised by the response.90003.90000 What are the Benefits of Natural Play? 90001 90002 The concept of natural play has been steadily gaining popularity in recent years and is now one of the main «buzz words» bandied around by architects, planners, and developers. But what are the main principles of natural play, why is it considered better than conventional play equipment, and what role does landscape architecture have to play in the creation of natural play areas? 90003 90004 What is natural play? 90005 90002 Natural play refers to interacting with natural elements of the environment in an imaginative way.Broadly, natural play includes activities such as climbing trees, building dens, and cooking outdoors. Today, children are becoming ever more environmentally insular, often spending many hours a day in front of televisions and computer monitors. The natural play movement aims to encourage children to get out into the natural or semi-natural environment. 90007 WATCH: 90008 What are Natural Play Spaces? 90003 90002 90011 90012 90003 90002 90015 90007 Where does natural play take place? 90008 90015 Natural play can take place anywhere where children have access to natural elements.Sadly, in many towns and cities, access to the natural environment is either limited or absent. 90007 Therefore, landscape architects are increasingly asked to develop local play areas with natural play elements. 90008 These natural playgrounds mimic the natural environment, offering a non-prescriptive and imaginative play resource. 90003 90022 90002 Autumn- CC0- Natural Play 90003 90025 90007 Natural play benefits 90008 90028 90002 Prescribed play (i.e. manufactured play equipment) often has a limited number of ways it can be used.It is believed that encouraging children to simply climb the steps and slide down the slide limits their creative ability. Natural play, in contrast, encourages children to think about how to climb a tree or traverse obstacles such as boulders or fallen trees. 90007 Related Articles: 90008 90003 90002 As natural play has no prescribed minimum and maximum dimensions for elements, children engage a greater range of muscles when playing, stretching both their bodies and imaginations. It has even been demonstrated that children with ADHD show better concentration after interacting with the natural environment.90034 «Research indicates that unstructured play in nature increases self-esteem, creativity, motor skills, fitness, and even academic performance. It also seems to relieve symptoms of ADHD. » 90035 — Richard Louv, Last Child in the Woods 90003 90037 90002 Girl in Woods CC0 — Natural Play 90003 90007 A natural playground can also offer better value for the money. 90008 90042 90043 In the United Kingdom, it is estimated that 20 to 50 percent of playground budgets is spent on safety surfacing.As natural playgrounds often have no safety surfacing, more money is available to put into the design and construction of the playground. Natural play elements are also often cheaper than specialist-manufactured play equipment. 90044 90002 Person CC0 — Natural Play 90003 90007 Designed natural play 90008 Designed spaces should include natural elements designed to encourage children to explore the space in a variety of ways. This could be achieved simply by changing the topography of the site in an interesting way.The Wave Field, by Maya Lin, offers children the opportunity to run up and down slopes and mounds, testing their balance and agility. Water is a great element for engaging children in natural play. Powhatan Springs Park in Virginia, USA, features a rain garden with interactive water play. The space both provides direct access to water and water elements, while educating children about the water cycle and elements of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS). More complex natural playgrounds, mix manmade elements with natural play elements.Wherever possible, they use natural materials. Features include piles of gravel and sand to dig in, a large water feature with direct access, and utilization of the site’s topography. 90049 90002 The Wildwood Den Natural Play Area at Ashridge, UK, CC2 90003 90007 How to get the best from natural play 90008 Research indicates that children benefit both physically and mentally from playing in the natural environment. 90007 Probably the best way to take advantage of these benefits is to allow children free access to the natural environment.90008 Where this is not available, there are many designed natural playgrounds, which incorporate elements such as sculpted earthworks, grass, bark chippings, logs and fallen trees, large live trees, boulders and stones, sand, and planting 90056 90002 Alt Park by Sue Adair-CC2.0 — Natural Play 90003 These designed spaces invite children to create their own games and imaginative play. If access to the natural environment in your neighborhood is limited, why not investigate taking your children to a natural playground, where they can experience natural imaginative play within the safe confines of a designed play space.Your local city or regional council should be able to assist you in finding your local natural playground. 90007 Recommended Reading: 90008 90002 Feature image: Children CC0. Article by Ashley Penn 90007 Return to Homepage 90008 90003 Published in Blog.90000 Questions and Answers 90001 90002 90003 1. What is the World Social Science Report 2016 about? 90004 90003 2. Why does inequality matter? 90004 90003 3. Has inequality risen or fallen around the world? 90004 90003 4. Is inequality about more than just income and wealth? 90004 90003 5. How significant is global inequality? 90004 90003 6. How big is the «gap» in social science research into inequalities? 90004 90003 7. What role does social science play in reducing inequalities? 90004 90003 8.What can be done to close the «gap» in social science research into inequalities? 90004 90003 9. What impact does inequality have on sustainable development? 90004 90003 10. Who published the report? 90022 90022 90022 90022 90022 90022 90022 90022 90022 90022 90004 90033 90002 90003 1. What is the World Social Science Report 2016 about? 90022 90033 90002 The World Social Science Report 2016 examines the harmful impact of inequalities on citizens, communities and countries. 90033 90002 The Report warns that unchecked inequalities could jeopardize the sustainability of economies, societies and communities, undermining efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030.90033 90002 The report highlights significant gaps in social science research into inequalities and calls for more robust research into the links between economic inequality and other inequalities, such as social, political, and environmental inequalities, to create more inclusive societies. 90033 90002 The report has six objectives: 90033 90046 90047 To look beyond economic inequality to the interactions between multiple dimensions of inequality. This is why the report often refers to «inequalities» rather than simply «inequality.»90048 90047 To document the trends in inequality in several countries and in all world regions, and to provide data and information on less well-researched nations, notably low-income countries in Africa and Asia. 90048 90047 To analyse the consequences of inequalities in different countries and regions and for different groups of people. 90048 90047 To identify strategies to reduce inequalities. 90048 90047 To provide contributions to the study of inequality from a large range of social sciences (such as economics, political science, sociology, psychology, anthropology, legal studies and development studies), as well as other sources.90048 90047 To identify critical knowledge gaps and propose a global research agenda on inequality. 90048 90059 90002 90003 2. Why does inequality matter? 90022 90033 90002 Reducing inequality is, first and foremost, a question of human rights, fairness and social justice. 90033 90002 It is also key to eradicating extreme poverty, fostering sustainability, promoting civil progress, reducing conflict and violence, and developing inclusive governance. 90033 90002 90003 3. Has inequality risen or fallen around the world? 90022 90033 90002 Global inequality between country averages has declined in recent decades.Nonetheless, it remains at a very high level. 90033 90002 This positive trend is largely due to the decline of inequality between countries, following rapid economic growth in China and India. 90033 90002 At the same time, economic inequality within many countries has increased, and today threatens to reverse the trend of declining global inequality. 90033 90002 While several countries — both developed and emerging — recorded high rates of economic growth following the liberalization of their economies, inequality, and especially economic inequality, increased rapidly within countries.90033 90002 The report highlights the considerable increase in economic inequality in northern countries such as the United States of America, the UK and Canada over the past three decades. 90033 90002 Even countries with low levels of economic inequality before the 1980s, such as Sweden, have recorded substantial increases. 90033 90002 In emerging economies data is scarcer and time series are shorter, but countries such as Colombia, Brazil and India register even higher levels of economic inequality than in the North.90033 90002 Today South Africa has the world’s highest economic inequality, despite a decrease in recent years. 90033 90002 While reducing inequalities is important everywhere, a clear priority for action lies in the poorest countries of sub-Saharan Africa. This is the region in which poverty will be concentrated in the coming decades if inequalities remain as high as they are. 90033 90002 90003 4. Is inequality about more than just income and wealth? 90022 90033 90002 The report makes this very clear.Inequality is about much more than income and wealth. 90033 90002 The report identifies seven dimensions of inequality: economic, political, social, cultural, environmental, spatial and knowledge-based. 90033 90002 It explores how these overlapping inequalities can create and reinforce division, marginalization, exclusion and poverty. 90033 90002 90003 5. How significant is global inequality? 90022 90033 90002 Various evaluations have concluded that in 2015 року, almost half of all the world’s household wealth was owned by 1% of the global population, and that the sixty-two richest individuals owned as much as the bottom half of humanity.90033 90002 90003 6. How big is the «gap» in social science research into inequalities? 90022 90033 90002 While there was a fivefold increase in studies of inequalities and social justice in academic publications from 1992-2013, many studies have paid too little attention to the overlapping inequalities that go beyond economic, such as social, political, and environmental. 90033 90002 The report highlights that the focus of social science research into inequalities tends to be in developed countries for which reliable data exists, to the detriment of developing countries without similarly reliable data.90033 90002 North America and Western Europe accounted for more than 80% of social and human science publications — including from the fields of economics, psychology and social studies — on inequalities and social justice from 1992 to 2013. 90033 90002 Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America contributed 3% and 2% respectively. 90033 90002 90003 7. What role does social science play in reducing inequalities? 90022 90033 90002 Social science research has a critical role to play in identifying the causes, extent, impact and most effective policy responses to inequalities.90033 90002 90003 8. What can be done to close the «gap» in social science research into inequalities? 90022 90033 90002 Too many countries are investing too little in researching the long-term impact of inequality on the sustainability of their economies, societies and communities. Unless we address this urgently, inequalities will make the cross-cutting ambition of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to ‘leave no one behind’ by 2030 an empty slogan. 90033 90002 The report calls for a step change towards a research agenda that is interdisciplinary, multiscale and globally inclusive, creating pathways towards greater equality, sustainability and inclusion.90033 90002 The report highlights the need more cooperation across disciplines, borders and inequality specialisations to help governments to develop more effective polices to create more inclusive societies, North and South. 90033 90002 International networks, open data sources, open access to publishing and software are vital to achieve this. 90033 90002 90003 9. What impact does inequality have on sustainable development? 90022 90033 90002 Inequality not only erodes our collective efforts to achieve economic growth, reduce poverty and increase social mobility.It also increases political tension and all too often fuels conflict and instability. 90033 90002 Reducing inequality is an economic, environmental and ethical imperative. 90033 90002 The United Nations ‘193 member countries adopted 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in September 2015 року, an ambitious global undertaking to end poverty, address inequalities and tackle climate change over the next 15 years. 90033 90002 The SDGs, which replaced the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), aim to improve lives in all countries worldwide, committing both rich and poor countries to achieve a series of interconnected goals, including the reduction of inequality.90033 90002 90003 10. Who published the report? 90022 90033 90002 The report is prepared by the International Social Science Council (ISSC) in Paris in cooperation with the UK-based Institute of Development Studies (IDS) at the University of Sussex, and co-published by UNESCO. 90033 90002 The report is based on contributions from more than 100 experts, from over 40 countries. 90033 90002 It was overseen by a Scientific Advisory Committee which included the Nobel-Prize laureate economist Joseph Stiglitz.90033 90002 The World Social Science Report is published every three years. The report addresses important social science challenges, takes stock of social science contributions and capacities, and makes recommendations for future research, practice and policy. The first report was published in 2010. 90033 .90000 Adaptations in plants in different habitats — Biology for Kids 90001 90002 What is adaptations in plants? 90003 90004 Plants adapt or adjust to their surroundings. This helps them to live and grow. A particular place or a specific habitat calls for specific conditions and adapting to such conditions helps the plants to survive. This is the reason why certain plants are found in certain areas. You would not see a cactus growing in Iceland nor would you see tall trees in grasslands. A tree that lives in the rainforest would die in a desert area.A cactus that lives in the deserts would not survive in a water lily pad. Thus plants adapt to their surroundings and climates. If the habitat changes drastically the plant species must adapt, otherwise they would not survive. 90005 90002 Adaptations of plants in different habitats 90003 90008 1. Plant adaptations in the desert 90009 90004 The desert is a dry area with scarcity of waters thus the plants there have small leaves and many spines which help them to conserve water. The leaves have thick waxy skins which help to retain water for a long time.There are leafless plants that store water in their green stems. Roots are near the soil surfaces that soak up water before it evaporates. The growth is slow as the plants do not have to make much food. 90005 90004 90013 Example: 90014 different types of Cactus, Joshua tree etc. 90005 90008 2. Plant adaptations in the tropical rainforest 90009 90004 Such places have hot climate but have heavy rains. So the plants here have drip tips and waxy surfaces on leaves to shed the excess water. Plants have prop roots that help support them in the shallow soils.There is abundance growth of plants and some plants grow on top of the other to reach the sunlight. These plants collect rainwater through a central reservoir and have hair on them to absorb water. 90005 90004 90013 Example: 90014 Bromeliads, lianas, different rainforest trees etc. 90005 90008 3. Plant adaptations in the temperate forests 90009 90004 Such forests see four distinct seasons and have harsh winters. These forests are made of layers of plants from very tall trees to small plants carpeting the forest floors.Wild flowers grow in the forest floors during spring. Most big trees here have thick barks to protect them against the cold winters. Trees have broad leaves that capture a lot of sunlight. But these leaves can weigh down the trees in winters thus in the autumn deciduous trees drop their leaves to minimize the water loss. 90005 90004 90013 Example: 90014 Lichen, moss, ferns, etc. 90005 90008 4. Plant adaptations in the grasslands 90009 90004 These are also called prairies and have hot summers and cold winters with uncertain rains and many droughts.The plants here have deep roots to survive the prairie fires. Some trees have thick barks to survive the fires. Roots extend deep into the ground to absorb water. They have narrow leaves as these lose less water. Soft stems enable the prairie grass to bend in the wind. 90035 90013 Example: 90014 buffalo grass, needle grass, foxtail etc. 90005 90008 5. Plant adaptations in water 90009 90004 There are some floating plants that are found in water bodies. They have floating leaves in which chlorophyll is restricted only on the top surface which is green in colour.Beneath is the reddish colour of the leaves. Underwater leaves and stems help plants to move with the current. Roots and root hair are absent as there is no need to absorb water. Underwater plants have leaves with large air pockets to absorb oxygen from water. Some plants produce floating seeds as well. 90005 90004 90013 Example: 90014 water lily, lotus, duckweed, giant salvinia etc. 90005 90004 90013 Related Article: 90014 90013 90014 Learn more about the major types of biomes on earth.90005.