Сочинение по истории егэ ярослав мудрый: Историческое сочинение » 4ЕГЭ

Историческое сочинение по периоду 1019–1054 на тему Ярослав Мудрый

С 1019 по 1054 г. Киевской Русью правил князь Ярослав Владимирович. Почётное прозвище «Мудрый» он получил не зря. Период его правления стал расцветом Киевской Руси. Государство стало единым и получило длительную мирную передышку от разорительных междоусобных войн и иноземных нашествий. Небывало прежде уровня достигли строительство, просвещение и культура. Был составлен первый свод законов, вошедший в историю как «Русская Правда».

«Правда Ярослава» – «Русская Правда» и её значение

Первый в истории древнерусского государства сборник законов – «Правда Ярослава» – был составлен в самом начале правления великого князя, в 1019 году. Его наследниками он был дополнен и переработан в «Русскую Правду». В данном документе содержатся нормы как уголовного, так и гражданского права. «Русская Правда» закрепляла социально-сословную структуру общества. Сборник также ликвидировал такие пережитки, как самосуд и кровная месть. Он имел огромное значение для формирования единой правовой системы и укрепления самого государства.

В составлении свода законов непосредственное участие принимал сам князь Ярослав. «Русская Правда» доказала свою жизнеспособность. Эти законы реально работали и просуществовали очень долго. Дополненный новыми статьями, в 1070-х годах свод вышел под названием «Правда Ярославичей» (сыновей Ярослава Мудрого – князей Изяслава, Всеволода и Святослава). В ней даже вводилось понятие частной собственности на землю. Следующая дополненная редакция «Русской Правды» вышла при Владимире Мономахе, уже в XII веке.

Прекращение междоусобиц. Ликвидация печенежской угрозы

Ярослав вступил на великокняжеский престол Киева уже зрелым человеком – в 41 год. До этого он в 1010 – 1019 гг. правил в Новгороде, где пользовался огромным уважением. К 1026 году Ярослав Мудрый смог полностью покончить с извечной бедой – кровавыми и разорительными междоусобицами князей. Со своим младшим братом, авторитетным и воинственным Мстиславом, князем Тмутараканским, он смог договориться о дуумвирате. Все земли по левую сторону Днепра, со столицей в Чернигове, были отданы Мстиславу. Ярослав правил правобережной половиной Руси, оставляя за собой титул великого князя. После смерти Мстислава Ярослав стал единоличным властителем Руси, в 1036 году.

В том же году произошла решительная битва с печенегами, которые на протяжении многих поколений терзали Русь своими хищническими набегами. Биться пришлось прямо у стен Киева, зато кочевникам было нанесено такое сокрушительное поражение, после которого больше никогда не возвращались. На несколько десятилетий (до прихода половцев) в стране воцарился долгожданный мир, благоприятный для её развития.

С другими странами Ярослав постарался укрепить добрососедские отношения с помощью династических браков. Он породнился со многими правящими монархиями Европы, став отцом, дядей и дедом целого ряда правителей на континенте.

Строительство материальное и духовное

Главный памятник эпохи Ярослава – Софийский собор в Киеве, возведённый в 1036-1054 гг., был построен в честь победы над печенегами. При Ярославе Мудром церковное и гражданское строительство достигло огромных размеров. Князь много сил и средств потратил на то, чтобы сделать Киев и Новгород крупными политическими и культурными центрами, не уступающими Константинополю и другим развитым городам той эпохи. И он достиг больших успехов в этом направлении.

Ярослав был книгочеем и покровителем грамотности. При нём были основаны первые библиотеки. Открылись первые светские школы, в которых учили грамоте не только будущих священников. В русских городах появилась прослойка грамотного населения, не принадлежавшего к духовенству. Это большая редкость и роскошь для раннего Средневековья.

Историческое значение княжения Ярослава Мудрого

Результатом правления Ярослава Мудрого стало

• укрепление великокняжеской власти и самого государства, рост авторитета Руси на международной арене;
• оформление юридического права и закрепление деления общества на сословия;
• развитие культуры, письменности, православия, церковного и гражданского строительства.

Все историки оценивают Ярослава как сильного, дальновидного и просвещённого правителя. Карамзин отмечает, что «Вместе с Ярославом  Русь погребла  своё  могущество  и  благоденствие. Возвеличенная единовластием,  она  утратила  силу  и  гражданское  счастье,  будучи после Ярослава снова  раздробленной  на  малые  области».

ЕГЭ. История. КРАТКО. Ярослав Мудрый (1019-1054)

1021— появление первых русских святых — Бориса и Глеба. 1024- битва у Лиственя.  Братья Ярослав и Мстислав разделили власть. 1036— начало единоличного правление Я.Мудрого 1036- создание киевской митрополии, во главе — грек Феопемт Ок. 1040- «Слово о законе и благодати»  Иллариона 1037-1041- построены Софийский собор и Золотые ворота в Киеве, олицетворявшие силу и мощь страны. 1045-1050 – Софийский собор в Новгороде К концу правления Я.Мудрого было построено около 400 храмов. 1051- избран первый русский митрополит – Илларион 1051- основан  Киево- Печерский монастырь 1054-  «Завещание» Ярослава Мудрого Создавались новые города: Ярославль, Юрьев ( Дерпт), Волок Лямский( Волоколамск) и др. Шло строительство в уже имеющихся городах, особенно в Киеве. Развивалось просвещение, открывались школы, была открыта первая библиотека в Софийском соборе. Уделялось большое внимание воспитанию детей.  «Завещание» Я.Мудрого. Началась чеканка золотых и серебряных монет.

1046— мирный договор с Византией.   Династические браки сыновей и дочерей Я.Мудрого ( Польша, Византия, Норвегия, Франция, Венгрия). Сам Я.Мудрый был женат на дочери норвежского короля- Ингигерде ( в православии — Ирине).   « Ходил войной»: 1038- на ядвигов 1040- на Литву 1042- на южную Финляндию   в 1043-1045 вёл войну с Византией. Это была последняя война с данным государством. Повод- убийство в Константинополе русских купцов. Война не была успешной ни для одного государства. После мирного договора был заключён династический брак, укрепивший отношения.

Борис и Глеб — братья Ярослав Мудрого, убитые в междоусобной войне Святополком Окаянным Илларион- первый митрополит русского происхождения. Мстислав Тмутараканский ( Мстислав Удалой)- брат Ярослава  Мудрого, с которым он сначала боролся за власть, а затем поделил территорию. Святополк Окаянный — брат Ярослава Мудрого, княжил в 1015-1019. Ярослав вёл с ним борьбу за власть в 1018-1019г.

Вира — штраф «Завещание»  Ярослава Мудрого – было написано незадолго до смерти. Призывал своих детей любить друг друга, не допускать междоусобиц, называл их бедствием не только для сыновей, но и всей Руси. Только мир и согласие сделают страну могущественной. Лествичная система  передачи власти — власть Великого князя переходила по старшинству- старшему по роду ( что в будущем станет одной из причин феодальной раздробленности) «Русская правда» —  свод законов, регулирующих отношения между людьми в обществе, что приводило в порядок общественную и государственную жизнь. Закон ещё допускал кровную месть, но мстить могли только близкие родственники. Закон защищал администрацию, имущество, рабочее население. За преступления- штраф( вира).По вире можно было понять о сущестовании социального неравенства. Например, за убийство огнищанина (управителя) — штраф 80 гривен, а смерда или холопа- 5 гривен. Были установлены штрафы за кражу, запашку чужой земли и пр. «Слово о законе и благодати»  Иллариона- в нём митрополит утверждал равенство всех народов, прославлял Русскую землю, её,  по мнению автора , должны знать во всех уголках земли .

Историческое сочинение. 1019-1054

1019-1054 гг. — период правления в Киевской Руси великого князя Ярослава Владимировича, известного как Ярослав Мудрый.

Ярослав Владимирович взошел на киевский престол в результате междоусобной войны со своим братом Святополком. Внутренняя политика Ярослава была направлена на сохранение единства Руси. С этой целью Ярослав предпринимал как силовые, так и реформаторские действия. Так, в 1020 г. он разгромил войско своего племянника, Брячислава Полоцкого, разорившего Новгород. Потерпев в 1024 г. поражение в междоусобной войне с братом Мстиславом Тмутараканским, Ярослав предпочел разделить управление государством и тем самым уберечь Русь от новых усобиц. Земли по левому берегу Днепра отошли Мстиславу, а правобережье сохранялось за Ярославом. Как и отец, Ярослав направлял в важнейшие районы Руси своих сыновей в качестве наместников. Стремясь обеспечить единый порядок, Ярослав ввел в Киевской Руси первый письменный свод законов — Русскую Правду. При Ярославе в Киеве был построен храм святой Софии и избран первый митрополит Киевской Руси русского происхождения — Илларион.

Ярослав проводил активную внешнюю политику. На северо-западе Ярослав стремился установить дружественные отношения со Швецией и Норвегией путем династических браков: сам Ярослав был женат на дочери шведского короля, а за короля Норвегии была выдана замуж младшая дочь Ярослава Елизавета. Также на северо-западе Ярослав стремился присоединить территории в Прибалтике. В 1030 г. войска Ярослава совершили поход против чуди, в 1038 г. — против ятвягов, в 1040 г. — в Литву. На западе Ярослав стремился установить выгодные отношения с Францией, для чего выдал дочь Анну за французского короля Генриха I. Также на западе Русь в 1031-1036 гг. успешно воевала с Польшей за червенские земли. На востоке Ярослав продолжал строить на границе со степью крепости, а в 1036 г. под Киевом разгромил печенегов, после чего их набеги на Русь прекратились. На юге после долгого мира в 1043-1046 гг. произошла война с Византией из-за убийства русских купцов в Константинополе. После заключения мира в знак возобновления дружеских связей между двумя странами был устроен династический брак: сын Ярослава Всеволод женился на дочери византийского императора Константина Мономаха.

Период правления великого князя Ярослава Владимировича историками, например Н. М. Карамзиным, оценивается как успешный: благодаря выдающимся политическим, дипломатическим и военным способностям Ярослава было сохранено и юридически оформлено единство Киевской Руси; к Киевской Руси были присоединены большие территории. Ярославу удалось устранить опасность набегов печенегов на Русь. При Ярославе был очень велик авторитет Руси на международной арене, что подчеркивается многочисленными династическими браками детей Ярослава с правителями европейских государств. Ярослав активно способствовал распространению православия на Руси, за что Русская православная церковь в 2005 г. установила день памяти благоверного князя Ярослава.

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На исторический период 1019-1054 гг. приходится правление в Киеве князя Ярослава Мудрого.

В годы правления Ярослава Мудрого произошел ряд важных исторических событий. Во-первых, восшествие Ярослава на престол произошло в ходе междоусобной борьбы с братьями, которая не завершилась в 1019 г. борьбу со Мстиславом Тмутараканским Ярослав Мудрый продолжал до 1026 г., когда между ними был заключен договор о разделе земель по Днепру. Только после смерти Мстислава в 1036 г. Ярославу Мудрому удалось восстановить власть над всеми русскими землями. Для предотвращения в будущем княжеских усобиц Ярослав Мудрый утвердил так называемый «Ряд Ярослава». Складывается лествичная система наследования престола.

Победа в междоусобной борьбе способствовала усилению власти киевского князя и дала возможность проведения преобразований внутри страны и усилить позиции Древнерусского государства на международной арене.

Во-вторых, развивается процесс укрепления Древнерусского государства. О усилении власти киевского князя свидетельствуют следующие факты. Ярослав Мудрый принимает «Русскую правду» — древнейший из дошедших до нас свод законов Древнерусского государства, действие которого распространялось на все русские земли.

В 1051 г. без согласования с Константинопольским патриархом Ярослав Мудрый поставил во главе Киевской митрополии Иллариона.

Свидетельством эффективности действия Ярослава Мудрого стало заключение династических браков с правящими династиями европейских государств. Так, дочь Ярослава Анна была выдана замуж за короля Франции.

Исторический период 1019-1054 г. оценивается историками как период расцвета Древнерусского государства. Было восстановлено единство древнерусского государства, разделенного в ходе княжеской усобицы. Ярославу удалось укрепить единство государства, приняв общерусский закон – «Русскую правду». Укрепление политической системы и успехи в защите границ русских земель (например, разгром печенегов под Киевом в 1036 г.) способствовали росту авторитета на международной арене, что подтверждается заключением династических браков между Рюриковичами и представителями правящих династий европейских государств.

Ярославу Мудрому не удалось устранить причины междоусобиц — «ряд Ярослава» не смог предотвратить борьбы между наследниками за киевский престол.

90000 Yaroslav The Wise Essay ⋆ History Essay Examples ⋆ EssayEmpire 90001 90002 90003 90004 90002 Also called Iaroslav, or Yaroslav Mudryi in Russian, Yaroslav the Wise was grand prince of Kiev from 1019 to 1054, one of the brightest representatives of the Riurykide (Rurikovich) dynasty, who was best known in eastern European history as a powerful leader of the early centralized Kievan Rus state. He was the son of Grand Prince Vladimir I (Volodymyr) (Vladimir the Great). He is also recognized as a skillful administrator, military leader, and diplomat who put the Kievan Rus state on the political map of medieval Europe as one of the important powers of his era.At the end of Yaroslav’s rule in Rostov (c. 988-c. 1010) the new city of Yaroslav (about 100 miles from Rostov) was established in his honor. He was then sent to rule the city of Novgorod in the northern part of Kievan Rus. Yaroslav preferred to use Viking (Varangian) mercenaries in Novgorod (the Riurykide dynasty, in fact, was of Viking descent). The Vikings, the privileged and favorites of the prince, were cruel and violent toward locals. In 1014 Yaroslav decided not to pay tribute to his father, Grand Prince Vladimir.The angry father prepared to fight his son but soon died of illness. 90004 90002 After the death of Vladimir, his eldest son, Svyatopolk, decided to win the throne of Kiev. To prevent his brothers from ascension to the throne, Svyatopolk killed Boris, Gleb, and Svyatoslav and acquired the throne. Svyatopolk, who became known as the Accursed (Okayannyi in Russian) for killing his own brothers, was very unpopular among ordinary citizens, soldiers, and the nobility in Kiev. Yaroslav, whose life was spared by the distance between Kiev and Novgorod, challenged Svyatopolk.He relied greatly on the help of Viking mercenaries as well as on citizens of Novgorod who were more than happy to assist him in his battle against Svyatopolk the Accursed. After a long battle with Svyatopolk, Yaroslav defeated him and seized power in 1016. Svyatopolk escaped to Poland. The Polish king Boleslas, interested in helping Svyatopolk in exchange for territorial concessions, sent his troops to Kiev. Yaroslav was defeated in a bitter battle in 1017 and escaped to Novgorod. By 1019 he gathered more troops from Novgorod.In a decisive battle he defeated his brother and became the grand prince of Kievan Rus. It took him about two decades to assert his authority over some remote parts of his country, since he fought with another brother, Mstislav. From 1036 Yaroslav was the sole ruler of Kievan Rus. 90004 90002 Yaroslav ruled Kievan Rus for about 35 years, consolidating political and economic power and making the city of Kiev one of the greatest cultural centers in eastern Europe. He was notable for his military achievements, as he defeated the powerful and destructive nomadic Pechenegs on the Kievan southern frontier in 1036-37.In a series of campaigns on the western frontier in the 1030s and 1040s he weakened the Polish state, won the province of Galicia from Poland, and expanded his possessions in the Baltic region by subduing Estonians, Lithuanians, and other tribal confederations. He also attempted to challenge the political dominance of the Byzantine Empire in southeastern Europe but was defeated at Constantinople in 1043. 90004 90002 The cultural and religious development of Kievan Rus was greatly advanced by Yaroslav during his rule.He promoted the spread of Christianity, which was formally introduced by his father, Vladimir, in 988. A considerable number of religious and some secular books were brought from the Byzantine Empire and were translated from Greek to the Old Slavonic and Old Church Slavonic languages. It is important to highlight that the close religious ties of Yaroslav with the Byzantine Church contributed to the future isolation of Russia from the Roman Catholic Church and consequently from Latin civilization.Yaroslav understood the significance of art. He encouraged Byzantine artists and artisans, especially architects, to settle in his capital. 90004 90002 New churches were built, and the first Russian monasteries were established during the reign of Yaroslav to signify the central role of the Christian church in the state. The monumental cathedral of St. Sophia and the Golden Gate of the Kievan Fortress became the most famous examples of the Kievan architecture. Under the order of Yaroslav, the country’s legal system was codified and completed with publication of the legal code called Yaroslav’s Justice (Pravda Yaroslava in Slavic).90004 90002 Yaroslav was continuously replacing tribal leaders with his own associates and vigorously persecuting pagan leaders and suppressing paganism. These actions further contributed to transformation of the East Slavic tribal confederations into a dynamic feudal state and strengthened positions of the religious clergy in the political affairs. In 1051 Yaroslav appointed the local metropolitan Illarion for the first time without the participation of Constantinople. 90004 90002 Yaroslav pursued a very active foreign policy; he supported and promoted international trade.Russian merchants successfully traded as far as the Byzantine Empire, France, Hungary, Norway, and Persia. He built alliances with several central European and western powers through dynastic marriages, as his daughter Elizabeth was married to Harald III of Norway, daughter Anna to Henry I of France, and Anastasia to Andrew I of Hungary. Yaroslav was married to a Swedish princess and his sister married a Byzantine prince. This cemented the high prestige of the Kievan Rus state, and Yaroslav’s dynasty in Europe.Yaroslav died in тисячі п’ятьдесят-чотири, respected as a successful builder of the centralized Kievan Rus state. In his will he divided his domain among his five sons, entrusting the Kievan throne to his eldest son, Izaslav. However the state was ripped apart very soon after Yaroslav’s death by his ambitious, but not farsighted sons. 90004 90002 90020 Bibliography: 90021 90004 90023 90024 Florinsky, M. T. Russia: A History and Interpretation. New York: MacMillan, 1954; 90025 90024 Freeze, Gregory, ed. Russia: A History.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002; 90025 90024 Hosking, G. Russia and the Russians: A History. London: Allen Lane, 2001; 90025 90024 Hrushevsky, Mykhailo, et al. History of Ukraine-Rus ‘, From Prehistory to the Eleventh Century. Englewood, NJ: Ukrainian Academic Press, 1997; 90025 90024 Kliuchevskii, V. O. A History of Russia. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1911-1931; 90025 90024 Kocherha, Ivan. Yaroslav the Wise: A Drama in Verse. Trans. by Walter May. Kiev: Dnipro, 1982; 90025 90024 Riasanovsky, Nicholas V.A History of Russia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. 90025 90038 90002 90040 This example Yaroslav The Wise Essay is published for educational and informational purposes only. If you need a custom essay or research paper on this topic please use our writing services. EssayEmpire.com offers reliable custom essay writing services that can help you to receive high grades and impress your professors with the quality of each essay or research paper you hand in. 90041 90004 90043 See also: 90044 90043 ORDER HIGH QUALITY CUSTOM PAPER 90044 90047 90048 Always on-time 90049 90048 Plagiarism-Free 90051 90048 100% Confidentiality 90002 Special offer! Get discount 10% for the first order.Promo code: cd1a428655 90004 .90000 Yaroslav the Wise | prince of Kiev 90001 90002 90003 Yaroslav the Wise 90004, also called 90003 Yaroslav I, 90004 Russian 90003 Yaroslav Mudry 90004, (born 980-died February 2, 1054), grand prince of Kiev from 1019 to 1054. 90009 90002 A son of the grand prince Vladimir, he was vice-regent of Novgorod at the time of his father’s death in 1015. Then his eldest surviving brother, Svyatopolk the Accursed, killed three of his other brothers and seized power in Kiev. Yaroslav, with the active support of the Novgorodians and the help of Varangian (Viking) mercenaries, defeated Svyatopolk and became the grand prince of Kiev in 1019.90009 90002 Yaroslav began consolidating the Kievan state through both cultural and administrative improvements and through military campaigns. He promoted the spread of Christianity in the Kievan state, gathered a large collection of books, and employed many scribes to translate Greek religious texts into the Slavic language. He founded churches and monasteries and issued statutes regulating the legal position of the Christian Church and the rights of the clergy. With the help of Byzantine architects and craftsmen, Yaroslav fortified and beautified Kiev along Byzantine lines.He built the majestic Cathedral of St. Sophia and the famous Golden Gate of the Kievan fortress. Under Yaroslav the codification of legal customs and princely enactments was begun, and this work served as the basis for a law code called the Russkaya Pravda ( «Russian Justice»). 90009 90002 Yaroslav pursued an active foreign policy, and his forces won several notable military victories. He regained Galicia from the Poles, decisively defeated the nomadic Pechenegs on the Kievan state’s southern frontier, and expanded Kievan possessions in the Baltic region, suppressing the Lithuanians, Estonians, and Finnish tribes.His military campaign against Constantinople in 1043 was a failure, however. 90009 Get exclusive access to content from our тисяча сімсот шістьдесят вісім First Edition with your subscription. Subscribe today 90002 Trade with the East and West played an important role in Kievan Rus in the 11th century, and Yaroslav maintained diplomatic relations with the European states. His daughters Elizabeth, Anna, and Anastasia were married respectively to Harald III of Norway, Henry I of France, and Andrew I of Hungary. 90009 90002 In his testament, Yaroslav sought to prevent a power struggle among his five sons by dividing his empire among them and enjoining the younger four sons to obey the eldest, Izyaslav, who was to succeed his father as grand prince of Kiev.This advice had no lasting effect, and civil war ensued after Yaroslav’s death. 90009.90000 Epic World History: Yaroslav the Wise 90001 90002 90003 90004 90005 90006 90007 90004 90005 Yaroslav the Wise 90006 90007 90012 90013 90014 Also called Iaroslav, or Yaroslav Mudryi in Russian, Yaroslav the Wise was grand prince of Kiev from 1019 to 1054, one of the brightest representatives of the Riurykide (Rurikovich) dynasty, who was best known in eastern European history as a powerful leader of the early centralized Kievan Rus state. He was the son of Grand Prince Vladimir I (Volodymyr) (Vladimir the Great).90015 He is also recognized as a skillful administrator, military leader, and diplomat who put the Kievan Rus state on the political map of medieval Europe as one of the important powers of his era. At the end of Yaroslav’s rule in Rostov (c. 988-c. 1010) the new city of Yaroslav (about 100 miles from Rostov) was established in his honor. He was then sent to rule the city of Novgorod in the northern part of Kievan Rus. 90016 90015 Yaroslav preferred to use Viking (Varangian) mercenaries in Novgorod (the Riurykide dynasty, in fact, was of Viking descent).The Vikings, the privileged and favorites of the prince, were cruel and violent toward locals. In 1014 Yaroslav decided not to pay tribute to his father, Grand Prince Vladimir. The angry father prepared to fight his son but soon died of illness. 90016 90014 After the death of Vladimir, his eldest son, Svyatopolk, decided to win the throne of Kiev. To prevent his brothers from ascension to the throne, Svyatopolk killed Boris, Gleb, and Svyatoslav and acquired the throne. Svyatopolk, who became known as the Accursed (Okayannyi in Russian) for killing his own brothers, was very unpopular among ordinary citizens, soldiers, and the nobility in Kiev.90015 Yaroslav, whose life was spared by the distance between Kiev and Novgorod, challenged Svyatopolk. He relied greatly on the help of Viking mercenaries as well as on citizens of Novgorod who were more than happy to assist him in his battle against Svyatopolk the Accursed. After a long battle with Svyatopolk, Yaroslav defeated him and seized power in 1016. 90016 90015 Svyatopolk escaped to Poland. The Polish king Boleslas, interested in helping Svyatopolk in exchange for territorial concessions, sent his troops to Kiev.Yaroslav was defeated in a bitter battle in 1017 and escaped to Novgorod. By 1019 he gathered more troops from Novgorod. 90016 90015 In a decisive battle he defeated his brother and became the grand prince of Kievan Rus. It took him about two decades to assert his authority over some remote parts of his country, since he fought with another brother, Mstislav. From 1036 Yaroslav was the sole ruler of Kievan Rus. 90016 90015 Yaroslav ruled Kievan Rus for about 35 years, consolidating political and economic power and making the city of Kiev one of the greatest cultural centers in eastern Europe.He was notable for his military achievements, as he defeated the powerful and destructive nomadic Pechenegs on the Kievan southern frontier in 1036-37. 90016 90002 90003 90004 90005 90006 90007 90004 90005 Yaroslav statue 90006 90007 90012 90013 90014 In a series of campaigns on the western frontier in the 1030s and 1040s he weakened the Polish state, won the province of Galicia from Poland, and expanded his possessions in the Baltic region by subduing Estonians, Lithuanians, and other tribal confederations.He also attempted to challenge the political dominance of the Byzantine Empire in southeastern Europe but was defeated at Constantinople in 1043. 90015 The cultural and religious development of Kievan Rus was greatly advanced by Yaroslav during his rule. He promoted the spread of Christianity, which was formally introduced by his father, Vladimir, in 988. A considerable number of religious and some secular books were brought from the Byzantine Empire and were translated from Greek to the Old Slavonic and Old Church Slavonic languages.90016 90015 It is important to highlight that the close religious ties of Yaroslav with the Byzantine Church contributed to the future isolation of Russia from the Roman Catholic Church and consequently from Latin civilization. Yaroslav understood the significance of art. He encouraged Byzantine artists and artisans, especially architects, to settle in his capital. 90016 90014 New churches were built, and the first Russian monasteries were established during the reign of Yaroslav to signify the central role of the Christian church in the state.The monumental cathedral of St. Sophia and the Golden Gate of the Kievan Fortress became the most famous examples of the Kievan architecture. Under the order of Yaroslav, the country’s legal system was codi fi ed and completed with publication of the legal code called Yaroslav’s Justice (Pravda Yaroslava in Slavic). 90015 Yaroslav was continuously replacing tribal leaders with his own associates and vigorously persecuting pagan leaders and suppressing paganism. These actions further contributed to transformation of the East Slavic tribal confederations into a dynamic feudal state and strengthened positions of the religious clergy in the political affairs.In 1051 Yaroslav appointed the local metropolitan Illarion for the first time without the participation of Constantinople. 90016 90015 Yaroslav pursued a very active foreign policy; he supported and promoted international trade. Russian merchants successfully traded as far as the Byzantine Empire, France, Hungary, Norway, and Persia. 90016 90015 He built alliances with several central European and western powers through dynastic marriages, as his daughter Elizabeth was married to Harald III of Norway, daughter Anna to Henry I of France, and Anastasia to Andrew I of Hungary.Yaroslav was married to a Swedish princess and his sister married a Byzantine prince. This cemented the high prestige of the Kievan Rus state, and Yaroslav’s dynasty in Europe. 90016 90015 Yaroslav died in 1054, respected as a successful builder of the centralized Kievan Rus state. In his will he divided his domain among his five sons, entrusting the Kievan throne to his eldest son, Izaslav. However the state was ripped apart very soon after Yaroslav’s death by his ambitious, but not farsighted sons.90016 .90000 Why Yaroslav the Wise was called wise? The history of the nickname 90001 90002 The name of the son of the great Kiev prince VladimirSaint, Yaroslav, is widely known not only to historians, but also to ordinary inhabitants. For his more than thirty years of government, he committed many serious actions for the state, for which Yaroslav was nicknamed wise. 90003 90004 Early life 90005 90002 The future Grand Duke was born in the familyVladimir Svyatoslavovich. He was the second son by seniority, since the childhood showed serious abilities in study, however early began to participate in a political life of the country.The powerful father tried to ensure that his sons from the earliest time realized the need to think on a national scale, and, in addition, demanded unquestioning obedience to oneself. At first young Yaroslav was appointed prince to Rostov, where he stayed until the death of his brother Vysheslav, after which he was appointed prince-governor of the second most important city in Russia — Novgorod. The prince was quite a difficult character, as his subordinates and his squad often spoke out, yet he tried to resolve all conflict situations through negotiations, and only in extreme cases went to the open break.Perhaps, that’s why Yaroslav the Wise was called wise. 90003 90004 The beginning of the struggle for the throne 90005 90002 Being a Novgorod prince, he is not without reasonwas considered the heir to the throne of Kiev. However, Vladimir, who was known among contemporaries as a «disbanded female love», became very devout at the end of his life, and more than all his children he loved scions of Byzantine princess Anna, Boris and Gleb. The first of them, perhaps, the prince wanted to transfer his throne.But Vladimir did not take into account that other brothers also claimed the title of the supreme ruler of the country, and one of them was the Novgorod prince Yaroslav. In 1014 a conflict erupted between father and son. Vladimir even intended to go to war with his rebellious son, but at the height of the campaign, the baptizer of Rus died. Immediately after that, large parts began to chip away from the state — this was always the case when the central government was weakened. The situation was aggravated also by the fact that Vladimir’s adopted son Svyatopolk seized power in the state.90003 90004 The way to power 90005 90002 The stepson did not want to lose power from his hands and decidedcrack down on their competitors. The first to hit a cousin were two brother-favorite Vladimir — Gleb and Boris. Both did not want to fight for the throne, for which the squad left them. In 1015 near Kiev, Prince Boris was killed, and soon the same fate befell Murom Prince Hleb, at the behest of Svyatopolk, his own cook was stabbed. He also killed another son of Vladimir I, Svyatoslav, whom the conspirators sent by the prince killed.And here in open struggle the Novgorod prince Jaroslav joins. Even at the time of preparing the response to the threats of his father, he turned to the Varangians for help, with the help of which he organized his army. Svyatopolk, in turn, attracted the nomadic Pechenegs, who repeatedly made devastating raids on Rus, and thereby even more set the people against themselves. In this struggle, Yaroslav acted as the personification of centripetal forces, which is why Yaroslav the Wise was called wise.90003 90004 Yaroslav the head of state 90005 90002 Two warring parties met in 1016year near the city of Lyubech. In the battle that began Sviatopolk’s army was completely defeated, and he himself ran for help to his father-in-law, the Polish king. Together with the troops provided, he returned to Russia. At the same time, the Poles behaved like invaders, which provoked violent discontent of the population. The struggle continued. Using popular sentiments, Yaroslav again defeated his cousin. However, it was not immediately possible to restore the former unified state right away.Mstislav did not want to obey the authority of Kiev, and a big battle took place between brothers in 1024. In it, the prince of Kiev was defeated, but he did not again fight with his brother, but only concluded a treaty with him, according to which the brothers shared their possessions, but at the same time reflected the attacks of enemies and helped each other in different situations. That is why contemporaries called Yaroslav wise. After the death of Mstislav, all of his lands were annexed to Kiev.90003 90004 Yaroslav the legislator 90005 90002 Having become the sole ruler of Russia, Yaroslav sent allefforts to strengthen it. One of the most important actions of the new ruler was the establishment of order in the state. To do this, it was necessary to create a legal system, for which he took with extraordinary energy, Yaroslav Vladimirovich. Already at the initial stage of his reign, he introduced a code of laws, known as the «Russian Truth». This legal monument of ancient Russia became the first written collection of laws of the country.Norms regulated, first of all, public order, protected property. In addition, blood feud was banned. Inflicting significant damage to the country, it was now allowed only by close relatives or was replaced by a fine. That’s why Yaroslav the Wise was called wise. 90003 90004 What else was the prince famous for? 90005 90002 The name of Yaroslav the Wise is known for the fact that heintermarried with many ruling European dynasties. His daughters became the wives of the kings of France, Norway, Hungary, Denmark, sons married princesses from Byzantium, Germany, Poland.This the prince greatly strengthened the position of his dynasty and the state. Even before his death, he bequeathed that the Grand Duke in Russia should become the elder in the family. This ancient family tradition will later become one of the causes of destructive internecine strife. In the meantime, the prince enjoyed national glory, in fact, that’s why Yaroslav the Wise was called wise. 90003 p >> .