Решение задания 18 по информатике егэ: Теория и решение 18 задания егэ по информатике

ЕГЭ по информатике задание 18 — Информатика в школе

ЕГЭ по информатике задание 18

Тема: «Логические выражения и множества».

Элементами множеств A, P, Q являются натуральные числа, причём P = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20}, Q = { 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30}. Известно, что выражение

 

истинно (т.е. принимает значение 1) при любом значении переменной x. Определите наименьшее возможное значение суммы элементов множества A.

Данный пример взят из учебно-методического издания «Информатика и ИКТ. Подготовка к ЕГЭ 2018 году. Диагностические работы. — М: МЦНМО, 2018.»

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Еще один вид задания  ЕГЭ по информатике задание 18. Отрезки

Задание №18 ЕГЭ по информатике проверяет знания по темам:

 

90000 History of Computers — A Brief Timeline of Their Evolution 90001 90002 The computer was born not for entertainment or email but out of a need to solve a serious number-crunching crisis. By 1880 the U.S. population had grown so large that it took more than seven years to tabulate the U.S. Census results. The government sought a faster way to get the job done, giving rise to punch-card based computers that took up entire rooms. 90003 90002 Today, we carry more computing power on our smartphones than was available in these early models.The following brief history of computing is a timeline of how computers evolved from their humble beginnings to the machines of today that surf the Internet, play games and stream multimedia in addition to crunching numbers. 90003 90002 90007 1801 90008: In France, Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that uses punched wooden cards to automatically weave fabric designs. Early computers would use similar punch cards. 90003 90002 90007 1822 90008: English mathematician Charles Babbage conceives of a steam-driven calculating machine that would be able to compute tables of numbers.The project, funded by the English government, is a failure. More than a century later, however, the world’s first computer was actually built. 90003 90002 90007 1890 90008: Herman Hollerith designs a punch card system to calculate the 1880 census, accomplishing the task in just three years and saving the government $ 5 million. He establishes a company that would ultimately become IBM. 90003 90002 90007 1936 90008: Alan Turing presents the notion of a universal machine, later called the Turing machine, capable of computing anything that is computable.The central concept of the modern computer was based on his ideas. 90003 90002 90007 1937 90008: J.V. Atanasoff, a professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa State University, attempts to build the first computer without gears, cams, belts or shafts. 90003 90002 90007 1939: 90008 Hewlett-Packard is founded by David Packard and Bill Hewlett in a Palo Alto, California, garage, according to the Computer History Museum. 90003 90002 90007 1941 90008: Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford Berry, design a computer that can solve 29 equations simultaneously.This marks the first time a computer is able to store information on its main memory. 90003 90002 90007 1943-1944 90008: Two University of Pennsylvania professors, John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, build the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC 90007) 90008. Considered the grandfather of digital computers, it fills a 20-foot by 40-foot room and has 18,000 vacuum tubes. 90003 90002 90007 1946 90008: Mauchly and Presper leave the University of Pennsylvania and receive funding from the Census Bureau to build the UNIVAC, the first commercial computer for business and government applications.90003 90002 90007 1947 90008: William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Laboratories invent the transistor. They discovered how to make an electric switch with solid materials and no need for a vacuum. 90003 90002 90007 1953 90008: Grace Hopper develops the first computer language, which eventually becomes known as COBOL. Thomas Johnson Watson Jr., son of IBM CEO Thomas Johnson Watson Sr., conceives the IBM 701 EDPM to help the United Nations keep tabs on Korea during the war.90003 90002 90007 1954 90008: The FORTRAN programming language, an acronym for FORmula TRANslation, is developed by a team of programmers at IBM led by John Backus, according to the University of Michigan. 90003 90002 90007 1958 90008: Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce unveil the integrated circuit, known as the computer chip. Kilby was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000 for his work. 90003 90002 90007 1964 90008: Douglas Engelbart shows a prototype of the modern computer, with a mouse and a graphical user interface (GUI 90007) 90008.This marks the evolution of the computer from a specialized machine for scientists and mathematicians to technology that is more accessible to the general public. 90003 90002 90007 1969 90008: A group of developers at Bell Labs produce UNIX, an operating system that addressed compatibility issues. Written in the C programming language, UNIX was portable across multiple platforms and became the operating system of choice among mainframes at large companies and government entities. Due to the slow nature of the system, it never quite gained traction among home PC users.90003 90002 90007 1970 90008: The newly formed Intel unveils the Intel 1103, the first Dynamic Access Memory (DRAM) chip. 90003 90002 90007 1971 90008: Alan Shugart leads a team of IBM engineers who invent the «floppy disk,» allowing data to be shared among computers. 90003 90002 90007 1973 90008: Robert Metcalfe, a member of the research staff for Xerox, develops Ethernet for connecting multiple computers and other hardware. 90003 90002 90007 1974-1977 90008: A number of personal computers hit the market, including Scelbi & Mark-8 Altair, IBM 5100, Radio Shack’s TRS-80 — affectionately known as the «Trash 80» — and the Commodore PET.90003 90002 90007 1975 90008: The January issue of Popular Electronics magazine features the Altair 8080, described as the «world’s first minicomputer kit to rival commercial models.» Two «computer geeks,» Paul Allen and Bill Gates, offer to write software for the Altair, using the new BASIC language. On April 4, after the success of this first endeavor, the two childhood friends form their own software company, Microsoft. 90003 90002 90007 1976 90008: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak start Apple Computers on April Fool’s Day and roll out the Apple I, the first computer with a single-circuit board, according to Stanford University.90003 90002 90003 The TRS-80, introduced in 1977, was one of the first machines whose documentation was intended for non-geeks (Image credit: Radioshack) 90002 90007 1977 90008: Radio Shack’s initial production run of the TRS-80 was just 3,000 . It sold like crazy. For the first time, non-geeks could write programs and make a computer do what they wished. 90003 90002 90007 1977 90008: Jobs and Wozniak incorporate Apple and show the Apple II at the first West Coast Computer Faire. It offers color graphics and incorporates an audio cassette drive for storage.90003 90002 90007 1978 90008: Accountants rejoice at the introduction of VisiCalc, the first computerized spreadsheet program. 90003 90002 90007 1979 90008: Word processing becomes a reality as MicroPro International releases WordStar. «The defining change was to add margins and word wrap,» said creator Rob Barnaby in email to Mike Petrie in 2000. «Additional changes included getting rid of command mode and adding a print function. I was the technical brains — I figured out how to do it, and did it, and documented it.»90003 90002 90003 The first IBM personal computer, introduced on Aug. 12, 1981, used the MS-DOS operating system. (Image credit: IBM) 90002 90007 1981 90008: The first IBM personal computer, code-named» Acorn, » is introduced. It uses Microsoft’s MS-DOS operating system. It has an Intel chip, two floppy disks and an optional color monitor. Sears & Roebuck and Computerland sell the machines, marking the first time a computer is available through outside distributors. It also popularizes the term PC.90003 90002 90007 1983 90008: Apple’s Lisa is the first personal computer with a GUI. It also features a drop-down menu and icons. It flops but eventually evolves into the Macintosh. The Gavilan SC is the first portable computer with the familiar flip form factor and the first to be marketed as a «laptop.» 90003 90002 90007 1985 90008: Microsoft announces Windows, according to Encyclopedia Britannica. This was the company’s response to Apple’s GUI. Commodore unveils the Amiga 1000, which features advanced audio and video capabilities.90003 90002 90007 1985 90008: The first dot-com domain name is registered on March 15, years before the World Wide Web would mark the formal beginning of Internet history. The Symbolics Computer Company, a small Massachusetts computer manufacturer, registers Symbolics.com. More than two years later, only 100 dot-coms had been registered. 90003 90002 90007 1986 90008: Compaq brings the Deskpro 386 to market. Its 32-bit architecture provides as speed comparable to mainframes. 90003 90002 90007 1990 90008: Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN, the high-energy physics laboratory in Geneva, develops HyperText Markup Language (HTML), giving rise to the World Wide Web.90003 90002 90007 1993 90008: The Pentium microprocessor advances the use of graphics and music on PCs. 90003 90002 90007 1994 90008: PCs become gaming machines as «Command & Conquer,» «Alone in the Dark 2,» «Theme Park,» «Magic Carpet,» «Descent» and «Little Big Adventure» are among the games to hit the market. 90003 90002 90007 1996 90008: Sergey Brin and Larry Page develop the Google search engine at Stanford University. 90003 90002 90007 1997 90008: Microsoft invests $ 150 million in Apple, which was struggling at the time, ending Apple’s court case against Microsoft in which it alleged that Microsoft copied the «look and feel» of its operating system.90003 90002 90007 1999 90008: The term Wi-Fi becomes part of the computing language and users begin connecting to the Internet without wires. 90003 90002 90007 2001 90008: Apple unveils the Mac OS X operating system, which provides protected memory architecture and pre-emptive multi-tasking, among other benefits. Not to be outdone, Microsoft rolls out Windows XP, which has a significantly redesigned GUI. 90003 90002 90007 2003 90008: The first 64-bit processor, AMD’s Athlon 64, becomes available to the consumer market.90003 90002 90007 2004 90008: Mozilla’s Firefox 1.0 challenges Microsoft’s Internet Explorer, the dominant Web browser. Facebook, a social networking site, launches. 90003 90002 90007 2005 90008: YouTube, a video sharing service, is founded. Google acquires Android, a Linux-based mobile phone operating system. 90003 90002 90007 2006 90008: Apple introduces the MacBook Pro, its first Intel-based, dual-core mobile computer, as well as an Intel-based iMac. Nintendo’s Wii game console hits the market.90003 90002 90007 2007 90008: The iPhone brings many computer functions to the smartphone. 90003 90002 90007 2009 90008: Microsoft launches Windows 7, which offers the ability to pin applications to the taskbar and advances in touch and handwriting recognition, among other features. 90003 90002 90007 2010 90008: Apple unveils the iPad, changing the way consumers view media and jumpstarting the dormant tablet computer segment. 90003 90002 90007 2011 90008: Google releases the Chromebook, a laptop that runs the Google Chrome OS.90003 90002 90007 2012 90008: Facebook gains 1 billion users on October 4. 90003 90002 90007 2015 90008: Apple releases the Apple Watch. Microsoft releases Windows 10. 90003 90002 90007 2016: 90008 The first reprogrammable quantum computer was created. «Until now, there has not been any quantum-computing platform that had the capability to program new algorithms into their system. They’re usually each tailored to attack a particular algorithm,» said study lead author Shantanu Debnath, a quantum physicist and optical engineer at the University of Maryland, College Park.90003 90002 90007 2017: 90008 The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is developing a new «Molecular Informatics» program that uses molecules as computers. «Chemistry offers a rich set of properties that we may be able to harness for rapid, scalable information storage and processing,» Anne Fischer, program manager in DARPA’s Defense Sciences Office, said in a statement. «Millions of molecules exist, and each molecule has a unique three-dimensional atomic structure as well as variables such as shape, size, or even color.This richness provides a vast design space for exploring novel and multi-value ways to encode and process data beyond the 0s and 1s of current logic-based, digital architectures. «[Computers of the Future May Be Minuscule Molecular Machines] 90003 90002 90211 Additional reporting by Alina Bradford, Live Science contributor. 90212 90003 90002 90007 Additional resources 90008 90003 .