Тест 10 класс биология как наука методы научного познания: «Биология как наука. Методы научного познания» «Химическая организация клетки»

Контрольная работа по теме «Биология как наука. Методы познания»

Контрольная работа по теме

«Биология как наука.

Методы научного познания»

Вариант 1

А. Выберите один правильный ответ

1. Главный признак живого организма: а)изменение формы, б)изменение размера, в)обмен веществ, г)пассивное передвижение

2. Все живые организмы в отличие от неживых: а)размножаются, растут, развиваются, б)существуют независимо от среды, в)изменяют форму, г)изменяются под воздействием среды.

3. В предложенном перечне найди название систематической категории: а)вид, б)собака, в)роза, г)человек.

4. Группа особей, скрещивающихся между собой и дающих плодовитое потомство – это: а)вид, б)род, в)тип, г)отряд

5. Главная задача систематики – это изучение: а)этапов эволюции, б)отношений организмов и окружающей среды, в)приспособленности организмов к условиям обитания, г)организмов и объединение их в группы на основе родства.

Б. Дайте развернутый ответ

Охарактеризуйте клеточный и популяционно-видовой уровни жизни.

В. Тест

1. Вирусы обладают  такими признаками живого, как

1) питание

2) рост

3) обмен веществ

4) наследственность.

2.  Преемственность поколений  обеспечивается за счет

1) развития

2) роста

3) размножения

4) обмена веществ.

3. Удвоение ДНК происходит на уровне организации жизни

1) клеточном

2) молекулярном

3)органо-тканевом

4)  организменном

4.  Круговорот воды в природе наблюдается на уровне организации  жизни

1) популяционно-видовом

2) биосферном

3) экосистемном

4)  организменном.

5.      Цветение черемухи  обыкновенной наблюдается на уровне организации  жизни

1) клеточном

2) молекулярном

3)органо-тканевом

4)  организменном

6.      Деление ядра – это пример проявления жизни на уровне

1) клеточном

2) молекулярном

3)органо-тканевом

4)  организменном..

7. Динамика  численности  уссурийского тигра  – это пример на уровне

1) популяционно-видовом

2) биосферном

3) экосистемном

4)  организменном.

8.  На каком уровне организации живого происходят генные мутации?

1)  организменном

2)  клеточном
3) видовом

4) молекулярном

9. Способность организма отвечать  на воздействия окружающей среды называют:

1) воспроизведением

2) эволюцией

3) раздражимостью

4) нормой реакции

10.   Живое  от неживого отличается способностью

1) изменять свойства объекта под воздействием среды

2) участвовать  в круговороте веществ

3) воспроизводить себе подобных

4) изменять размеры объекта под воздействием среды

11.   Клеточное строение —  важный  признак живого — характерен для

1)   бактериофагов

2)   вирусов

3)   кристаллов

4) бактерий.

12.  Для изучения строения клетки необходимо:

1)   рассмотреть под микроскопом орган растения, например, лист;

2)   приготовить тонкий срез какого либо растения и рассмотреть его под микроскопом;

3)   выделить из органа одну клетку и рассмотреть ее под микроскопом;

4)   поставить опыт по изучению значения света в жизни растения и наблюдать за  ним

13.  Для изучения химического состава клеток используют метод

1) цитогенетический

2) микроскопии

3) биохимический

4) центрифугирования

14.Какие организмы занимают промежуточное положение между телами живой и неживой природы
А) вирусы
Б) бактерии
В) лишайники
Г) грибы

15. О единстве органического мира свидетельствует
А) круговорот веществ
Б) клеточное строение организмов
В) взаимосвязь организмов и среды
Г) приспособленность организмов к среде

16. Организмы растений, животных, грибов и бактерий состоят из клеток – это свидетельствует о
А) единстве органического мира
Б) разнообразии строения живых организмов
В) связи организмов со средой обитания
Г) сложном строении живых организмов

Спасибо за работу!

Контрольная работа по теме

«Биология как наука. Методы научного познания»

Вариант 2

А. Выберите один правильный ответ

1. Классификацией организмов на основе их родства занимается наука: а)экология, б)систематика, в)морфология, г)палеонтология.

2. Обмен веществ и превращение энергии, раздражимость, рост, развитие, размножение – это основные признаки: а)популяции, б)организма, в)вида, г)биогеоценоза

3. Назовите единицу строения и жизнедеятельности организмов: а)ткань, б)орган, в)клетка, г)органоид

4. Главным признаком живого является: а)движение, б)увеличение, в)обмен веществ, г)распад на молекулы.

5. Какой уровень является высшим уровнем организации жизни: а)биосферный, б)биогеоценотический, в)популяционно-видовой, г)организменный.

6. Живые системы считаются открытыми, потому что: а)они построены из тех же химических элементов, что и неживые системы, б)они обмениваются веществом, энергией и информацией с внешней средой, в)способны к адаптации, г)они способны размножаться.

7. Какой уровень является низшим уровнем организации жизни: а)клеточный, б)молекулярный, в)популяционно-видовой, г)организменный.

Б. Дайте развернутый ответ

Охарактеризуйте молекулярный и организменный уровни жизни.

В. Тест

1.   Свойство живого поддерживать постоянство химического состава называется

1) гомеостаз

2) обмен веществ

3)  развитие

4)  раздражимость.

2. Поступление в биологические системы питательных веществ и энергии извне характеризует их

1) целостность

2) открытость

3) единство

4) системность.

3.Зарастание водоема происходит на уровне организации жизни

1) популяционно-видовом

2) биосферном

3) экосистемном

4)  организменном.

4.  Миграция северных оленей  наблюдается на уровне организации  жизни

1)   организменном

2) биосферном

3) экосистемном

4)  популяционно-видовом.

5. Газообмен в легких наблюдается на уровне организации  жизни

1) клеточном

2) молекулярном

3)органо-тканевом

4)  организменном.

6.      Миграция атомов  и молекул в природе — это проявление жизни на уровне

1) популяционно-видовом

2) биосферном

3) экосистемном

4)  организменном.

7.  Роль рибосом в процессе биосинтеза белка изучают на уровне организации живого

1) организменном

2)   субклеточном

3)   тканевом

4) популяционном

8.  Строение и функции молекул белка изучают на уровне организации живого

1)  организменном

2)  тканевом

3)  молекулярном

4)  популяционном

9.  Митоз – это проявление жизни на уровне  организации жизни

 1) клеточном

2) молекулярном

3)органо-тканевом

4)  организменном..

10.  На каком уровне организации происходит реализация на­следственной информации?

1)       биосферном

2)   экосистемном

3) популяционном

4) организменном.

11.  Для прогнозирования процессов в биологических системах используют метод

1) гибридизации

2) моделирования

3) цитогенетический

4) центрифугирования.

12.  Какой метод позволяет избирательно выделять и изу­чать органоиды клетки?

1)   скрещивание

2)   центрифугирование

3)   моделирование

4) биохимический.

13.  Генетика — наука, изучающая закономерности

1)   взаимоотношения организмов и среды

2)   исторического развития органического мира

3)   наследственности и изменчивости организмов

4)   индивидуального развития организмов

14.  Строение и функции органоидов клетки изучает наука

1)   генетика

2)   цитология

3)   селекция

4)   фенология

15.  Изучением многообразия организмов, их классификацией занимается наука

1)генетика

2) систематика

3)   физиология

4)экология

16. Какое свойство организмов обеспечивает преемственность жизни на Земле
А) обмен вещества
Б) раздражимость
В) размножение
Г) изменчивость

Спасибо за работу!

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Epistemological beliefs in introductory physics. 90003 Cognition and 90004 90003 Instruction, 12 90004 (2), 151-183. 90007 90002 Hammer, D., And Elby, A. (2002). On the form of a personal epistemology. In B.K. Hofer and P.R. Pintrich (Eds.), 90003 Personal epistemology: The psychology of beliefs 90004 90003 about knowledge and knowing 90004 (pp. 169-190). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 90007 90002 Hewson, P., and Hewson, M., (1988). On appropiate conception of teaching science: A view from studies of science learning. 90003 Science Education, 72 90004 (5), 529-540. 90007 .90000 Science & the Scientific Method: A Definition 90001 90002 Science is a systematic and logical approach to discovering how things in the universe work. It is also the body of knowledge accumulated through the discoveries about all the things in the universe. 90003 90002 The word «science» is derived from the Latin word 90005 scientia 90006, which is knowledge based on demonstrable and reproducible data, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. True to this definition, science aims for measurable results through testing and analysis.Science is based on fact, not opinion or preferences. The process of science is designed to challenge ideas through research. One important aspect of the scientific process is that it is focuses only on the natural world, according to the University of California. Anything that is considered supernatural does not fit into the definition of science. 90003 90008 The scientific method 90009 90002 When conducting research, scientists use the scientific method to collect measurable, empirical evidence in an experiment related to a hypothesis (often in the form of an if / then statement), the results aiming to support or contradict a theory.90003 90002 «As a field biologist, my favorite part of the scientific method is being in the field collecting the data,» Jaime Tanner, a professor of biology at Marlboro College, told Live Science. «But what really makes that fun is knowing that you are trying to answer an interesting question. So the first step in identifying questions and generating possible answers (hypotheses) is also very important and is a creative process. Then once you collect the data you analyze it to see if your hypothesis is supported or not.»90003 90002 The steps of the scientific method go something like this: 90003 90016 90017 Make an observation or observations. 90018 90017 Ask questions about the observations and gather information. 90018 90017 Form a hypothesis — a tentative description of what’s been observed, and make predictions based on that hypothesis. 90018 90017 Test the hypothesis and predictions in an experiment that can be reproduced. 90018 90017 Analyze the data and draw conclusions; accept or reject the hypothesis or modify the hypothesis if necessary.90018 90017 Reproduce the experiment until there are no discrepancies between observations and theory. «Replication of methods and results is my favorite step in the scientific method,» Moshe Pritsker, a former post-doctoral researcher at Harvard Medical School and CEO of JoVE, told Live Science. «The reproducibility of published experiments is the foundation of science. No reproducibility — no science.» 90018 90029 90002 Some key underpinnings to the scientific method: 90003 90032 90017 The hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable, according to North Carolina State University.Falsifiable means that there must be a possible negative answer to the hypothesis. 90018 90017 Research must involve deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is the process of using true premises to reach a logical true conclusion while inductive reasoning takes the opposite approach. 90018 90017 An experiment should include a dependent variable (which does not change) and an independent variable (which does change). 90018 90017 An experiment should include an experimental group and a control group.The control group is what the experimental group is compared against. 90018 90041 90008 Scientific theories and laws 90009 90002 The scientific method and science in general can be frustrating. A theory is almost never proven, though a few theories do become scientific laws. One example would be the laws of conservation of energy, which is the first law of thermodynamics. Dr. Linda Boland, a neurobiologist and chairperson of the biology department at the University of Richmond, Virginia, told Live Science that this is her favorite scientific law.»This is one that guides much of my research on cellular electrical activity and it states that energy can not be created nor destroyed, only changed in form. This law continually reminds me of the many forms of energy,» she said. 90003 90002 A law just describes an observed phenomenon, but it does not explain why the phenomenon exists or what causes it. «In science, laws are a starting place,» said Peter Coppinger, an associate professor of biology and biomedical engineering at the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology.»From there, scientists can then ask the questions, ‘Why and how?'» 90003 90002 Laws are generally considered to be without exception, though some laws have been modified over time after further testing found discrepancies. This does not mean theories are not meaningful. For a hypothesis to become a theory, rigorous testing must occur, typically across multiple disciplines by separate groups of scientists. Saying something is «just a theory» is a layperson’s term that has no relationship to science.To most people a theory is a hunch. In science, a theory is the framework for observations and facts, Tanner told Live Science. 90003 90002 Some of the things we take for granted today were dreamed up on pure brainpower, others by total accident. But just how much do you know about the origin of things? Here, we’ve invented a quiz about 15 of the world’s most useful inventions, from adhesives 90003 90002 Quiz: The World’s Greatest Inventions 90003 90002 90003 90008 A brief history of science 90009 90002 The earliest evidence of science can be found in prehistoric times, such as the discovery of fire, invention of the wheel and development of writing.Early tablets contain numerals and information about the solar system. Science became decidedly more scientific over time, however. 90003 90002 90061 1200s 90062: Robert Grosseteste developed the framework for the proper methods of modern scientific experimentation, according to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. His works included the principle that an inquiry must be based on measurable evidence that is confirmed through testing. 90003 90002 90061 1400s 90062: Leonardo da Vinci began his notebooks in pursuit of evidence that the human body is microcosmic.The artist, scientist and mathematician also gathered information about optics and hydrodynamics. 90003 90002 90061 1500s 90062: Nicolaus Copernicus advanced the understanding of the solar system with his discovery of heliocentrism. This is a model in which Earth and the other planets revolve around the sun, which is the center of the solar system. 90003 90002 90061 1600s 90062: Johannes Kepler built upon those observations with his laws of planetary motion. Galileo Gallilei improved on a new invention, the telescope, and used it to study the sun and planets.The 1600s also saw advancements in the study of physics as Isaac Newton developed his laws of motion. 90003 90002 90061 1700s 90062: Benjamin Franklin discovered that lightning is electrical. He also contributed to the study of oceanography and meteorology. The understanding of chemistry also evolved during this century as Antoine Lavoisier, dubbed the father of modern chemistry, developed the law of conservation of mass. 90003 90002 90061 1800s 90062: Milestones included Alessandro Volta’s discoveries regarding electrochemical series, which led to the invention of the battery.John Dalton also introduced atomic theory, which stated that all matter is composed of atoms that combine to form molecules. The basis of modern study of genetics advanced as Gregor Mendel unveiled his laws of inheritance. Later in the century, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays, while George Ohm’s law provided the basis for understanding how to harness electrical charges. 90003 90002 90061 1900s 90062: The discoveries of Albert Einstein, who is best known for his theory of relativity, dominated the beginning of the 20th century.Einstein’s theory of relativity is actually two separate theories. His special theory of relativity, which he outlined in a 1905 paper, «The Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies,» concluded that time must change according to the speed of a moving object relative to the frame of reference of an observer. His second theory of general relativity, which he published as «The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity,» advanced the idea that matter causes space to curve. 90003 90002 Medicine forever changed with the development of the polio vaccine in 1952 by Jonas Salk.The following year, James D. Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA, which is a double helix formed by base pairs attached to a sugar-phosphate backbone, according to the United States National Library of Medicine. 90003 90002 90061 2000s 90062: The 21st century saw the first draft of the human genome completed, leading to a greater understanding of DNA. This advanced the study of genetics, its role in human biology and its use as a predictor of diseases and other disorders.90003 90002 90061 Additional resources 90062 90003 .90000 Steps of the Scientific Method 90001 90002 90003 90002 90005 Scientific Method Steps (sciencenotes.org) 90003 The scientific method is a system scientists and other people use to ask and answer questions about the natural world. In a nutshell, the scientific method works by making observations, asking a question or identifying a problem, and then designing and analyzing an experiment to test a prediction of what you expect will happen. It’s a powerful analytical tool because once you draw conclusions, you may be able to answer a question and make predictions about future events.90005 90003 These are the steps of the scientific method: 90005 90003 Sometimes this step is omitted in the list, but you always make observations before asking a question, whether you recognize it or not. You always have some background information about a topic. However, it’s a good idea to be systematic about your observations and to record them in a lab book or another way. Often, these initial observations can help you identify a question. Later on, this information may help you decide on another area of ​​investigation of a topic.90005 90012 90012 90014 90015 Ask a question, identify a problem, or state an objective. 90016 90017 90018 90018 90003 There are various forms of this step. Sometimes you may want to state an objective and a problem and then phrase it in the form of a question. The reason it’s good to state a question is because it’s easiest to design an experiment to answer a question. A question helps you form a hypothesis, which focuses your study. 90005 90003 You should conduct background research on your topic to learn as much as you can about it.This can occur both before and after you state an objective and form a hypothesis. In fact, you may find yourself researching the topic throughout the entire process. 90005 90003 A hypothesis is a formal prediction. There are two forms of a hypothesis that are particularly easy to test. One is to state the hypothesis as an «if, then» statement. An example of an if-then hypothesis is: «If plants are grown under red light, then they will be taller than plants grown under white light.» Another good type of hypothesis is what is called a «null hypothesis» or «no difference» hypothesis.An example of a null hypothesis is: «There is no difference in the rate of growth of plants grown under red light compared with plants grown under white light.» 90005 90012 90012 90014 90015 Design and perform an experiment to test the hypothesis. 90016 90017 90018 90018 90003 Once you have a hypothesis, you need to find a way to test it. This involves an experiment. There are many ways to set up an experiment. A basic experiment contains variables, which are factors you can measure. The two main variables are the independent variable (the one you control or change) and the dependent variable (the one you measure to see if it is affected when you change the independent variable).90005 90012 90012 90014 90015 Record and analyze the data you obtain from the experiment. 90016 90017 90018 90018 90003 It’s a good idea to record notes alongside your data, stating anything unusual or unexpected. Once you have the data, draw a chart, table, or graph to present your results. Next, analyze the results to understand what it all means. 90005 90012 90012 90014 90015 Determine whether you accept or reject the hypothesis. 90016 90017 90018 90018 90003 Do the results support the hypothesis or not? Keep in mind, it’s okay if the hypothesis is not supported, especially if you are testing a null hypothesis.Sometimes excluding an explanation answers your question! There is no «right» or «wrong» here. However, if you obtain an unexpected result, you might want to perform another experiment. 90005 90012 90012 90014 90015 Draw a conclusion and report the results of the experiment. 90016 90017 90018 90018 90003 What good is knowing something if you keep it to yourself? You should report the outcome of the experiment, even if it’s just in a notebook. What did you learn from the experiment? 90005 90003 90015 How Many Steps Are There? 90016 90005 90003 You may be asked to list the 5 steps of the scientific method or the 6 steps of the method or some other number.There are different ways of grouping together the steps outlined here, so it’s a good idea to learn the way an instructor wants you to list the steps. No matter how many steps there are, the order is always the same. 90005 90003 90005.90000 Steps of the Scientific Method 90001 Please ensure you have JavaScript enabled in your browser. If you leave JavaScript disabled, you will only access a portion of the content we are providing. Here’s how. 90002 What is the Scientific Method? 90003 90004 The scientific method is a process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer questions. Does this mean all scientists follow 90005 exactly 90006 this process? No.Some areas of science can be more easily tested than others. For example, scientists studying how stars change as they age or how dinosaurs digested their food can not fast-forward a star’s life by a million years or run medical exams on feeding dinosaurs to test their hypotheses. When direct experimentation is not possible, scientists modify the scientific method. In fact, there are probably as many versions of the scientific method as there are scientists! But even when modified, the goal remains the same: to discover cause and effect relationships by asking questions, carefully gathering and examining the evidence, and seeing if all the available information can be combined in to a logical answer.90007 90004 Even though we show the scientific method as a series of steps, keep in mind that new information or thinking might cause a scientist to back up and repeat steps at any point during the process. A process like the scientific method that involves such backing up and repeating is called an iterative process. 90007 90004 Whether you are doing a science fair project, a classroom science activity, independent research, or any other hands-on science inquiry understanding the steps of the scientific method will help you focus your scientific question and work through your observations and data to answer the question as well as possible.90007 90004 Diagram of the scientific method. The Scientific Method starts with aquestion, and background research is conducted to try to answer that question. If you want to find evidence for an answer or an answer itself then you construct a hypothesis and test that hypothesis in an experiment. If the experiment works and the data is analyzed you can either prove or disprove your hypothesis. If your hypothesis is disproved, then you can go back with the new information gained and create a new hypothesis to start the scientific process over again.90007 90004 Try our lesson plans: 90007 90004 Assign a student quiz with Google Classroom: 90007 90002 Steps of the Scientific Method 90003 90020 1. Ask a Question 90021 90004 The scientific method starts when you ask a question about something that you observe: How, What, When, Who, Which, Why, or Where? 90007 90004 For a science fair project some teachers require that the question be something you can measure, preferably with a number.90007 For detailed help with this step, use these resources: 90020 2. Do Background Research 90021 90004 Rather than starting from scratch in putting together a plan for answering your question, you want to be a savvy scientist using library and Internet research to help you find the best way to do things and ensure that you do not repeat mistakes from the past . 90007 For detailed help with this step, use these resources: 90020 3.Construct a Hypothesis 90021 90004 A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work. It is an attempt to answer your question with an explanation that can be tested. A good hypothesis allows you to then make a prediction: 90033 «If _____ 90005 [I do this] 90006 _____, then _____ 90005 [this] 90006 _____ will happen.» 90007 90004 State both your hypothesis and the resulting prediction you will be testing. Predictions must be easy to measure. 90007 For detailed help with this step, use these resources: 90020 4.Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment 90021 90004 Your experiment tests whether your prediction is accurate and thus your hypothesis is supported or not. It is important for your experiment to be a fair test. You conduct a fair test by making sure that you change only one factor at a time while keeping all other conditions the same. 90007 90004 You should also repeat your experiments several times to make sure that the first results were not just an accident. 90007 For detailed help with this step, use these resources: 90020 5.Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion 90021 90004 Once your experiment is complete, you collect your measurements and analyze them to see if they support your hypothesis or not. 90007 90004 Scientists often find that their predictions were not accurate and their hypothesis was not supported, and in such cases they will communicate the results of their experiment and then go back and construct a new hypothesis and prediction based on the information they learned during their experiment.This starts much of the process of the scientific method over again. Even if they find that their hypothesis was supported, they may want to test it again in a new way. 90007 For detailed help with this step, use these resources: 90020 6. Communicate Your Results 90021 90004 To complete your science fair project you will communicate your results to others in a final report and / or a display board. Professional scientists do almost exactly the same thing by publishing their final report in a scientific journal or by presenting their results on a poster or during a talk at a scientific meeting.In a science fair, judges are interested in your findings regardless of whether or not they support your original hypothesis. 90007 For detailed help with this step, use these resources: 90002 Explore Our Science Videos 90003 90059 90060 90061 90004 How to Make Elephant Toothpaste 90007 90064 90061 90004 5 Science Experiments You Can Do With Peeps 90007 90064 90061 90004 Make A Tissue Paper Parachute — STEM Activity 90007 90064 90073 90074 .