Функции межклеточного вещества в крови выполняет: Attention Required! | Cloudflare

Соединительные ткани, подготовка к ЕГЭ по биологии

Группа соединительных тканей объединяет собственно соединительные ткани (РВСТ и ПВСТ), соединительные ткани со специальными свойствами (ретикулярная, жировая, слизистая, пигментная), скелетные соединительные ткани (хрящевая и костная). Также к соединительным тканям относится жидкая подвижная кровь, строение которой мы изучим в разделе «Кровеносная система».

Что же общего между жидкой подвижной кровью и плотной неподвижной костью? Общим оказываются два основополагающих признака соединительных тканей:

• Хорошо развито межклеточное вещество
• Наличие разнообразных клеток

Собственно соединительные ткани

Рыхлая волокнистая соединительная ткань (РВСТ) содержит клетки разной формы: фибробласты (юные), фиброциты (зрелые). РВСТ содержится во всех внутренних органах, она располагается по ходу прохождения кровеносных, лимфатических сосудов и нервов, образует соединительнотканные прослойки.

Обратите внимание на название клеток: фибробласты, фиброциты — эти слова происходят от (лат. fibra — волокно). В соединительных тканях имеются три основных типа волокон:

• Коллагеновые — обеспечивают механическую прочность
• Эластические — обуславливают гибкость тканей
• Ретикулярные — образуют ретикулярные сети, служащие основой многих органов (печень, костный мозг)

Плотная волокнистая соединительная ткань (ПВСТ) отличается преобладанием волокон над клетками. ПВСТ участвует в образовании сухожилий, связок, формирует оболочки внутренних органов.

Соединительные ткани со специальными свойствами

Ретикулярная ткань (от лат. reticulum — сетка) образует строму (опорную структуру) кроветворных и иммунных органов. Здесь зарождаются все клетки кровеносной и иммунной систем.

Жировая ткань состоит из скопления жировых клеток (адипоцитов). Создает резерв питательных веществ, образует подкожный жировой слой и капсулу почек. Кроме того, жировая ткань выполняет защитную (механическую) функцию, предупреждая повреждения внутренних органов, и участвует в терморегуляции.

Пигментная ткань отличается большим скоплением пигментных клеток — меланоцитов (от греч. melanos — «чёрный»), развита на отдельных участках тела: в радужке глаза, вокруг сосков молочных желез.

Слизистая (студенистая) ткань встречается в норме только в составе пупочного канатика зародыша, ее относят к эмбриональным тканям.

Скелетные соединительные ткани

К скелетным тканям относятся хрящевая и костная ткани, которые выполняют защитную, механическую и опорную функции, принимают активное участие в минеральном обмене.

Хрящевая ткань состоит из молодых клеток — хондробластов, зрелых — хондроцитов (от греч. chondros — хрящ). Межклеточное вещество упругое, содержит много воды, особенно в молодом возрасте. С течением времени воды в хряще становится меньше и его функция постепенно нарушается.

Хрящевая ткань образует межпозвоночные диски, хрящевые части ребер, входит в состав органов дыхательной системы. В хрящевой ткани, как и в эпителии, отсутствуют кровеносные сосуды, благодаря чему хрящи отлично приживаются после пересадки. Питание хряща происходит диффузно.

Хрящевая ткань выстилает поверхность костей в месте образования суставов. При нарушении в ней обменных процессов хрящевая ткань начинает заменяться костной, что сопровождается скованностью и болезненностью движений, возникает артроз.

Костная ткань состоит из клеток и хорошо развитого межклеточного вещества, пропитанного минеральными солями (составляют около 70%), преобладающим из которых является фосфат кальция Ca₃(PO₄)₂.

В костной ткани активно идет обмен веществ, интенсивно поглощается кислород. Кости — это вовсе не что-то безжизненное, в них постоянно появляются новые и отмирают старые клетки. В кости можно обнаружить следующие типы клеток:

• Остеобласты — молодые клетки
• Остеоциты — зрелые клетки (от греч. osteon — кость и греч. cytos — клетка)
• Остеокласты — отвечают за обновление кости, разрушают старые клетки

Кость состоит из компактного и губчатого вещества. Компактное вещество значительно тяжелее и плотнее губчатого, обеспечивает основополагающие функции кости: защитную, поддерживающую. В компактном веществе запасаются химические элементы. Губчатое вещество содержит орган кроветворение — красный мозг.

Структурной единицей компактного вещества является остеон (Гаверсова система). В Гаверсовом канале, расположенном в центре остеона, проходят кровеносные сосуды — источник питания для костной ткани. По краям канала лежат юные клетки, остеобласты, и стволовые клетки. Вокруг канала лежат соединенные друг с другом остеоциты, образующие пластинки.

Кость состоит из двух компонентов:

• Минеральный

Межклеточное вещество костной ткани содержит коллагеновые волокна, которые пропитаны минеральными солями, главным образом — фосфатом кальция Ca₃(PO₄)₂, за счет чего костная ткань выполняет опорную функцию и способна выдерживать значительные нагрузки.

С возрастом доля минерального компонента увеличивается, и кость становится более ломкой и хрупкой, возникает склонность к переломам. Истончение костной ткани называется остеопороз (от греч. osteon — кость + греч. poros — пора).


• Органический

Органический компонент представлен белками и жирами (липидами). За счет данного компонента обеспечивается еще одно важное свойство кости — эластичность. Если провести химический опыт и удалить из кости все соли (мацерация кости), то она станет настолько гибкой, что ее можно завязать в узел.



Органический компонент превалирует в костях новорожденных. Их кости очень эластичные. Постепенно минеральные соли накапливаются, и кости становятся твердыми, способными выдержать значительные физические нагрузки.

Происхождение

Соединительные ткани развиваются из мезодермы — среднего зародышевого листка.

© Беллевич Юрий Сергеевич 2018-2020

Данная статья написана Беллевичем Юрием Сергеевичем и является его интеллектуальной собственностью. Копирование, распространение (в том числе путем копирования на другие сайты и ресурсы в Интернете) или любое иное использование информации и объектов без предварительного согласия правообладателя преследуется по закону. Для получения материалов статьи и разрешения их использования, обратитесь, пожалуйста, к Беллевичу Юрию.

90000 Components, functions, groups, and disorders 90001 90002 Blood is a combination of plasma and cells that circulate through the entire body. It is a specialized bodily fluid that supplies essential substances around the body, such as sugars, oxygen, and hormones. 90003 90002 It also removes waste from the cells in the body. 90003 90002 Hematologists work to identify and prevent blood and bone marrow diseases, as well as studying and treating the immune system, blood clotting, and the veins and arteries.90003 90002 In the United States (U.S.), blood diseases accounted for between 9,000 and 10,000 annual deaths from тисячі дев’ятсот дев’яносто дев’ять to 2010. This constitutes less than one percent of total deaths from disease. 90003 90010 90011 Blood transports oxygen and nutrients around the body and removes cellular waste, among a range of other vital functions. 90012 90011 Plasma makes up 55 percent of blood content. The other 45 percent consists mainly of red blood cells and platelets. 90012 90011 Blood groups are categorized based on the antibodies and antigens in the cell.Receiving an incompatible blood donation can lead to fatal complications. 90012 90011 Anemia, blood cancer, and clots are all potential disorders of the blood. 90012 90019 Share on PinterestBlood travels along vessels to reach every system of the body and carry out its crucial functions. 90002 Blood consists of plasma, red and white blood cells, and platelets. 90003 90002 90023 Plasma: 90024 This constitutes approximately 55 percent of blood fluid in humans. 90003 90002 Plasma is 92 percent water, and the contents of the remaining 8 percent include: 90003 90010 90011 carbon dioxide 90012 90011 glucose 90012 90011 hormones 90012 90011 proteins 90012 90011 mineral salts 90012 90011 fats 90012 90011 vitamins 90012 90019 90002 The remaining 45 percent of the blood mainly consists of red and white blood cells and platelets.Each of these has a vital role to play in keeping the blood functioning effectively. 90003 Share on PinterestBlood mainly consists of plasma, red and white blood cells, and platelets. 90002 90023 Red blood cells (RBCs), or erythrocytes 90024: They are shaped like slightly indented, flattened disks and transport oxygen to and from the lungs. Hemoglobin is a protein that contains iron and retains the oxygen until its destination. The life span of an RBC is 4 months, and the body replaces them regularly.Amazingly, our body produces around 2 million blood cells every second. 90003 90002 The expected number of RBCs in a single drop, or microliter, of blood is 4.5 to 6.2 million in men and 4.0 to 5.2 million in women. 90003 90002 90023 White blood cells, or leukocytes 90024: White blood cells make up less than 1 percent of blood content, and they form vital defenses against disease and infection. The normal range of the number of white blood cells in a microliter of blood is between 3,700 and 10,500.Higher and lower levels of white blood cells can indicate disease. 90003 90002 90023 Platelets, or thrombocytes 90024: These interact with clotting proteins to prevent or stop bleeding. There should be between 150,000 and 400,000 platelets per microliter of blood. 90003 90002 RBCs, white blood cells, and platelets are produced in the bone marrow before entering the bloodstream. Plasma is mostly water that is absorbed from ingested food and drink by the intestines. Combined, these are propelled around the entire body by the heart and carried by the blood vessels.90003 90002 Blood has a number of functions that are central to survival, including: 90003 90010 90011 supplying oxygen to cells and tissues 90012 90011 providing essential nutrients to cells, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose 90012 90011 removing waste materials, such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid 90012 90011 protecting the body from infection and foreign bodies through the white blood cells 90012 90011 transporting hormones from one part of the body to another, transmitting messages, and completing important processes 90012 90011 regulating acidity (pH ) levels and body temperature 90012 90011 engorging parts of the body when needed, for example, a penile erection as a response to sexual arousal 90012 90019 90002 Another important function of the blood is its protective action against disease.White blood cells defend the body against infections, foreign materials, and abnormal cells. 90003 90002 The platelets in blood enable the clotting, or coagulation, of blood. When bleeding occurs, the platelets group together to create a clot. The clot becomes a scab and stops the bleeding, as well as helping to protect the wound from infection. 90003 Share on PinterestBlood groups are defined by the antibodies and antigens in red blood cells. 90002 Blood groups categorize blood based on the presence and absence of certain antibodies.The groupings also take into account antigens on the surface of the blood cells. 90003 90002 Antibodies are proteins in plasma that alert the immune system to the presence of potentially harmful foreign substances. The immune system will attack the threat of disease or infection. Antigens are protein molecules on the surface of red blood cells. 90003 90002 When giving or receiving organ donations or blood transfusions, the blood group of an individual becomes extremely important. Antibodies will attack new blood cells if they have an unrecognizable antigen, and this can lead to life-threatening complications.For example, anti-A antibodies will attack cells that have A antigens. 90003 90002 RBCs sometimes contain another antigen called RhD. This is also noted as part of the blood group. A positive blood group means that RhD is present. 90003 90002 Humans can have one of four main blood groups. Each of these groups can be Rhd positive or negative, forming eight main categories. 90003 90010 90011 90023 Group A positive or A negative 90024: A antigens are found on the surfaces of blood cells. Anti-B antibodies are found in the plasma.90012 90011 90023 Group B positive or B negative 90024: B antigens are found on the surfaces of blood cells. Anti-A antibodies are found in the plasma. 90012 90011 90023 Group AB positive or AB negative 90024: A and B antigens are found on the surfaces of blood cells. There are no antibodies are found in the plasma. 90012 90011 90023 Group O positive and O negative 90024: There are no antigens are found on the surfaces of blood cells. Both anti-B and anti-A antibodies are found in the plasma.90012 90019 90002 Group O blood can be given to people of virtually any blood type, and people with Group AB + blood can generally receive blood from any group. 90023 Talk to your doctor to find out your blood type. If you donate blood, a doctor can also tell you your blood type. 90024 90003 90002 Blood groups are important during pregnancy. If a woman has RhD negative blood, for example, but her fetus inherits RhD positive blood from the father, treatment will be needed to prevent a condition known as hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).90003 90002 Disorders and diseases of the blood can be dangerous. They can spread rapidly during the circuit of the bloodstream around the body, and impair the many functions aided by blood. 90003 90002 The most common blood disorders are: 90003 90010 90011 90023 Anemia 90024: This is a shortage of RBCs or hemoglobin in the blood. As a result, the cells do not transport oxygen effectively, and symptoms can include fatigue and pale skin. 90012 90011 90023 Blood clots 90024: These can be vital for the healing process of wounds and injuries.However, some clots coagulate inside a blood vessel and create a blockage. They can also become dislodged and move through the heart to the lungs, leading to a pulmonary embolism. Clots can be fatal. 90012 90011 90023 Blood cancers 90024: Leukemia, myeloma, and lymphoma are types of blood cancer. Mutated blood cells divide uncontrollably without dying at the normal point in the life cycle of a cell. 90012 90019 90002 If symptoms of a blood disorder are suspected, the patient should visit a primary care physician.It is likely that they will be referred to a specialist in blood disorders, known as a hematologist. 90003.90000 blood | Definition, Composition, & Functions 90001 90002 Follow an oxygen and carbon dioxide-carrying red blood cell through the heart, lungs, and distant tissues 90003 In a circuit through the cardiovascular system, red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carry carbon dioxide from the body tissues back to the lungs. 90004 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 90005 See all videos for this article 90006 90002 Blood 90003, fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries away carbon dioxide and other waste products.Technically, blood is a transport liquid pumped by the heart (or an equivalent structure) to all parts of the body, after which it is returned to the heart to repeat the process. Blood is both a tissue and a fluid. It is a tissue because it is a collection of similar specialized cells that serve particular functions. These cells are suspended in a liquid matrix (plasma), which makes the blood a fluid. If blood flow ceases, death will occur within minutes because of the effects of an unfavourable environment on highly susceptible cells.90009 90006 Britannica Quiz 90009 90006 Blood: Fact or Fiction? 90009 90006 In a blood-pressure reading, the numbers represent units of mercury. 90009 90002 Follow a red blood cell from the heart to the lungs and distant cells to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide 90003 In a circuit through the cardiovascular system, red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and transport carbon dioxide from the body tissues to the lungs.90004 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 90005 See all videos for this article 90006 The constancy of the composition of the blood is made possible by the circulation, which conveys blood through the organs that regulate the concentrations of its components. In the lungs, blood acquires oxygen and releases carbon dioxide transported from the tissues. The kidneys remove excess water and dissolved waste products. Nutrient substances derived from food reach the bloodstream after absorption by the gastrointestinal tract.Glands of the endocrine system release their secretions into the blood, which transports these hormones to the tissues in which they exert their effects. Many substances are recycled through the blood; for example, iron released during the destruction of old red cells is conveyed by the plasma to sites of new red cell production where it is reused. Each of the numerous components of the blood is kept within appropriate concentration limits by an effective regulatory mechanism. In many instances, feedback control systems are operative; thus, a declining level of blood sugar (glucose) leads to accelerated release of glucose into the blood so that a potentially hazardous depletion of glucose does not occur.90009 90006 Unicellular organisms, primitive multicellular animals, and the early embryos of higher forms of life lack a circulatory system. Because of their small size, these organisms can absorb oxygen and nutrients and can discharge wastes directly into their surrounding medium by simple diffusion. Sponges and coelenterates (e.g., jellyfish and hydras) also lack a blood system; the means to transport foodstuffs and oxygen to all the cells of these larger multicellular animals is provided by water, sea or fresh, pumped through spaces inside the organisms.In larger and more-complex animals, transport of adequate amounts of oxygen and other substances requires some type of blood circulation. In most such animals the blood passes through a respiratory exchange membrane, which lies in the gills, lungs, or even the skin. There the blood picks up oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide. 90009 90006 The cellular composition of blood varies from group to group in the animal kingdom. Most invertebrates have various large blood cells capable of amoeboid movement.Some of these aid in transporting substances; other are capable of surrounding and digesting foreign particles or debris (phagocytosis). Compared with vertebrate blood, however, that of the invertebrates has relatively few cells. Among the vertebrates, there are several classes of amoeboid cells (white blood cells, or leukocytes) and cells that help stop bleeding (platelets, or thrombocytes). 90009 Get exclusive access to content from our тисяча сімсот шістьдесят вісім First Edition with your subscription. Subscribe today 90006 Oxygen requirements have played a major role in determining both the composition of blood and the architecture of the circulatory system.In some simple animals, including small worms and mollusks, transported oxygen is merely dissolved in the plasma. Larger and more-complex animals, which have greater oxygen needs, have pigments capable of transporting relatively large amounts of oxygen. The red pigment hemoglobin, which contains iron, is found in all vertebrates and in some invertebrates. In almost all vertebrates, including humans, hemoglobin is contained exclusively within the red cells (erythrocytes). The red cells of the lower vertebrates (e.g., birds) have a nucleus, whereas mammalian red cells lack a nucleus. Red cells vary markedly in size among mammals; those of the goat are much smaller than those of humans, but the goat compensates by having many more red cells per unit volume of blood. The concentration of hemoglobin inside the red cell varies little between species. Hemocyanin, a copper-containing protein chemically unlike hemoglobin, is found in some crustaceans. Hemocyanin is blue in colour when oxygenated and colourless when oxygen is removed.Some annelids have the iron-containing green pigment chlorocruorin, others the iron-containing red pigment hemerythrin. In many invertebrates the respiratory pigments are carried in solution in the plasma, but in higher animals, including all vertebrates, the pigments are enclosed in cells; if the pigments were freely in solution, the pigment concentrations required would cause the blood to be so viscous as to impede circulation. 90009 90006 This article focuses on the main components and functions of human blood.For full treatment of blood groups, 90029 see 90030 the article blood group. For information on the organ system that conveys blood to all organs of the body, 90029 see 90030 cardiovascular system. For additional information on blood in general and comparison of the blood and lymph of diverse organisms, 90029 see 90030 circulation. 90009 90036 Blood components 90037 90006 In humans, blood is an opaque red fluid, freely flowing but denser and more viscous than water. The characteristic colour is imparted by hemoglobin, a unique iron-containing protein.Hemoglobin brightens in colour when saturated with oxygen (oxyhemoglobin) and darkens when oxygen is removed (deoxyhemoglobin). For this reason, the partially deoxygenated blood from a vein is darker than oxygenated blood from an artery. The red blood cells (erythrocytes) constitute about 45 percent of the volume of the blood, and the remaining cells (white blood cells, or leukocytes, and platelets, or thrombocytes) less than 1 percent. The fluid portion, plasma, is a clear, slightly sticky, yellowish liquid.After a fatty meal, plasma transiently appears turbid. Within the body the blood is permanently fluid, and turbulent flow assures that cells and plasma are fairly homogeneously mixed. 90009 90002 blood diagram 90003 Blood is made up of multiple components, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. 90004 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 90005 90006 The total amount of blood in humans varies with age, sex, weight, body type, and other factors, but a rough average figure for adults is about 60 millilitres per kilogram of body weight.An average young male has a plasma volume of about 35 millilitres and a red cell volume of about 30 millilitres per kilogram of body weight. There is little variation in the blood volume of a healthy person over long periods, although each component of the blood is in a continuous state of flux. In particular, water rapidly moves in and out of the bloodstream, achieving a balance with the extravascular fluids (those outside the blood vessels) within minutes. The normal volume of blood provides such an adequate reserve that appreciable blood loss is well tolerated.Withdrawal of 500 millilitres (about a pint) of blood from normal blood donors is a harmless procedure. Blood volume is rapidly replaced after blood loss; within hours, plasma volume is restored by movement of extravascular fluid into the circulation. Replacement of red cells is completed within several weeks. The vast area of ​​capillary membrane, through which water passes freely, would permit instantaneous loss of the plasma from the circulation were it not for the plasma proteins-in particular, serum albumin.Capillary membranes are impermeable to serum albumin, the smallest in weight and highest in concentration of the plasma proteins. The osmotic effect of serum albumin retains fluid within the circulation, opposing the hydrostatic forces that tend to drive the fluid outward into the tissues. 90009 .90000 Blood cells and its types with functions 90001 90002 Blood cells are the cells which are produced during hematopoiesis and found mainly in the blood. Blood is composed of the blood cells which accounts for 45% of the blood tissue by volume, with the remaining 55% of the volume composed of plasma, the liquid portion of the blood. 90003 90002 There are three types of blood cells. They are: 90003 90006 90007 Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) 90008 90007 White blood cells (Leukocytes) 90008 90007 Platelets (Thrombocytes) 90008 90013 90014 1.Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) 90015 90016 90007 Most abundant cells in the blood 90018 90018 90008 90007 Account for approximately 40 to 45 percent of the blood. 90008 90007 Biconcave disc which is round and flat, sort of like a shallow bowl. 90008 90007 Disk diameter of approximately 6.2-8.2 μm. 90008 90007 They have a thick rim and a thin sunken center. 90008 90007 Nucleus Absent. 90008 90007 Can change shape without breaking. 90008 90007 Production of RBCs is controlled by erythropoietin.90008 90007 RBC contains hemoglobin (33%). 90008 90007 The iron found in hemoglobin gives the blood its red color. 90008 90007 RBCs can not repair themselves. 90008 90007 Life span of 120 days. 90008 90007 4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults. 90008 90007 20-30 trillion red blood cells at any given time. 90008 90007 Male: 4.3-5.9 million / mm 90048 3 90049 and Female: 3.5-5.5 million / mm 90048 3 90049 90008 90053 90002 90055 Functions 90056 90003 90006 90007 Transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body.90008 90007 Pick up carbon dioxide from other tissues and unload it in the lungs. 90008 90013 90014 2. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) 90015 90016 90007 Account for only about 1% of the blood. 90008 90007 4500-11,000 / mm 90048 3 90049 90008 90007 They are the cells that make up the majority of the immune system. 90008 90007 It is the part of the body that protects itself against foreign substances and various types of infections. 90008 90007 They are made in the bone marrow from multi-potent cells called hematopoietic stem cells.90008 90007 They exist in all parts of the body, including the connective tissue, lymph system, and the bloodstream. 90008 90007 90055 Leukopenia 90056 is a low white blood cell count that can be caused by damage to the bone marrow from things like medications, radiation, or chemotherapy. 90008 90007 90055 Leukocytosis 90056 is a high white blood cell count that can be caused by a number of conditions, including various types of infections, inflammatory disease in the body. 90008 90007 They are divided into 90055 Granulocytes 90056 (having visible granules or grains inside the cells) and 90055 Agranulocytes 90056 (free of visible grains under the microscope).90008 90007 There are five main types of WBCs .: Neutrophils (granulocytes), Eosinophils (granulocytes), Basophils (granulocytes), Lymphocytes (non-granulocytes) and Monocytes (non-granulocytes). 90008 90053 90002 90099 90099 90003 90102 A. Neutrophils (granulocytes) 90103 90016 90007 Most common type of white blood cell. 90008 90007 Accounts for 62% of Leukocytes 90008 90007 Multi-lobed Nucleus present. 90008 90007 Contain very fine cytoplasmic granules. 90008 90007 2000 to 7500 cells per mm 90048 3 90049 90008 90007 Medium-sized white blood cells.90008 90007 Also called polymorphonuclear (PMN) because they have a variety of nuclear shapes. 90008 90007 Diameter of 10-12 μm. 90008 90007 Life span of 6 hours to few days. 90008 90053 90002 90055 Functions 90056 90003 90006 90007 Kills bacteria through the process of phagocytosis. 90008 90007 They also release a burst of super oxides that have the ability to kill many bacteria at the same time. 90008 90013 90102 B. Eosinophils (granulocytes) 90103 90016 90007 40-400 cells per mm 90048 3 90049 90008 90007 Have large granules 90008 90007 Nucleus is divided into two lobes (bi-lobed nucleus) 90008 90007 Diameter of 10-12 μm.90008 90007 Accounts for 2.3% 90008 90007 Life span of 8-12 days 90008 90053 90002 90055 Functions 90056 90003 90006 90007 Kills parasites and have a role in allergic reactions. 90008 90007 Releases toxins from their granules to kill pathogens. 90008 90013 90102 C. Basophils (granulocytes) 90103 90016 90007 0-100 cells per mm 90048 3 90049 90008 90007 Colorful when stained and looked at under the microscope 90008 90007 They have a pale nucleus that is usually hidden by granules. 90008 90007 Bi-lobed or Tri-lobed nucleus present.90008 90007 Diameter of 12-15 μm. 90008 90007 Accounts for 0.4% 90008 90007 Life span of few hours to few days. 90008 90053 90002 90055 Functions 90056 90003 90006 90007 Functions in allergic reactions. 90008 90007 Secrete anticoagulants and antibodies that have function against hypersensitivity reactions in the bloodstream. 90008 90007 Basophils contain histamine, which dilates the vessels to bring more immune cells to the area of ​​injury. 90008 90007 Secrete heparin which is an anticoagulant that promotes mobility of other WBCs by preventing clotting.90008 90013 90102 D. Lymphocytes (Agranulocytes) 90103 90016 90007 Small rounded cells 90008 90007 Nucleus Present 90008 90007 1300 to 4000 per mm 90048 3 90049 90008 90007 Diameter of 7-8 μm (Small) and 12-15 μm (Large) 90008 90007 Accounts for 30% 90008 90007 Life span of years for memory cells and weeks for all else. 90008 90053 90002 90055 Functions 90056 90003 90006 90007 T lymphocytes (T cells) are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. 90008 90007 B lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity or antibody production.90008 90007 They can recognize and have a memory of invading bacteria and viruses. 90008 90007 Function in destroying cancer cells. 90008 90007 They present antigens to activate other cells of the immune system. 90008 90013 90102 E. Monocytes (Agranulocytes) 90103 90016 90007 Largest of the types of white blood cells 90008 90007 Kidney shaped nucleus present. 90008 90007 200 to 800 monocytes per mm3 90008 90007 Turn into macrophages when they exit the bloodstream. 90008 90007 Diameter of 15-30 μm.90008 90007 Accounts for 5.3% 90008 90007 Life span of few hours to few days. 90008 90053 90002 90055 Functions 90056 90003 90006 90007 Enters the tissue, where they become larger and turn into macrophages. 90008 90007 Destroy old, damaged and dead cells in the body. 90008 90013 90014 3. Platelets (Thrombocytes) 90015 90016 90007 Nucleus Absent. 90264 90264 90008 90007 Do not reproduce. 90008 90007 Small fragments of bone marrow cells. 90008 90007 150,000-400,000 platelets in each microliter of human blood.90008 90053 90002 90055 Functions 90056 90003 90006 90007 Platelets are the parts of cells that the body uses for clotting. 90008 90007 Helps to promote other blood clotting mechanisms. Example: Secrete procoagulants (clotting factors) to promote blood clotting. 90008 90007 They secrete vasoconstrictors which constrict blood vessels, causing vascular spasms in broken blood vessels. 90008 90007 They secrete chemicals that attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of inflammation. 90008 90007 Dissolve blood clots when they are no longer needed.90008 90007 Digest and destroy bacteria. 90008 90007 They secrete growth factors to maintain the linings of blood vessels. 90008 90013 90014 References 90015 90006 90007 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2263/ 90008 90007 https://www.hematology.org/Patients/Basics/ 90008 90007 https: //www.healthline .com / health / blood-cell-disorders 90008 90007 https://www.healthline.com/health/wbc-count?m=0 90008 90007 https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx ? ContentTypeID = 160 & ContentID = 34 90008 90007 https: // en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cell 90008 90007 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell 90008 90007 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_cell 90008 90007 https://www.urmc.rochester.edu /encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=160&ContentID=35 90008 90007 https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315133.php 90008 90007 https://www.webmd.com/heart/anatomy-picture-of-blood # 1 90008 90007 https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/low-white-blood-cell-count/basics/causes/sym-20050615 90008 90007 https: // www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/high-white-blood-cell-count/basics/causes/sym-20050611 90008 90007 https://www.fi.edu/heart/red-blood-cells 90008 90007 https: // web. mit.edu/scicom/www/blood.html 90008 90007 https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/cardiovascular-system-blood-17/white-blood-cells -166 / types-of-wbcs-831-7902 / 90008 90007 https://www.myvmc.com/anatomy/blood-function-and-composition/ 90008 90013.90000 3 Types of Blood Cells: Their Functions and Count 90001 90002 Whole blood consists of 3 types of blood cells, suspended in a liquid called plasma. Blood circulates through the arteries and veins with each of the blood cell types- red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets- carrying out different functions throughout the body. 90003 90004 3 Types of Blood Cells and Their Functions 90005 90002 Normally, 7-8% of human body weight is from blood. In adults, this totals up to 4.5-6 quarts of blood. This vital fluid performs the critical functions of transporting oxygen and nutrients to our cells and eliminating CO2, ammonia, and other waste products. In addition, it plays a vital function in our immune system and in keeping a fairly continuous body temperature level. Blood is an extremely specialized tissue made up of more than 4,000 various kinds of components. Four of the most vital ones are red cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, according to iytmed.com.All human beings produce these blood elements- there are no populational or regional distinctions. 90003 90008 Red Blood Cells (RBC) — Erythrocytes 90009 90010 Red Blood Cells 90002 Red blood cells, called erythrocytes, comprise about 40 to 50 percent of the overall blood volume. Levels vary for males and females, with men having 5 to 6 million erythrocytes per cubic millimeter of entire blood and women having 4 to 5 million per cubic millimeter. Red blood cells live for approximately 120 days prior to being changed by new cells produced in the bone marrow.The red color originates from a pigmented particle, called hemoglobin, inside red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body and provide carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs to be exhaled. 90003 90008 White Blood Cells (WBC) — Leukocytes 90009 90015 White Blood Cells 90002 White blood cells, also called leukocytes, are much fewer in number than red blood cells. There are 5 different types of white blood cells that collaborate to protect the body by attacking foreign intruders, consisting of bacteria, viruses and tumors.The most typical type of white blood cells are called neutrophils. All types of white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. 90003 90008 Platelets — Thrombocytes 90009 90020 Platelets 90002 Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are cell fragments instead of entire cells. They clump together and form blood clots after an injury. Clots function as plugs to stop bleeding and function as a base for new tissue growth and recovery in the injured area. Certain blood-thinning medications reduce the risk of abnormal blood clots by interfering with platelet function.90003 90004 Blood Cells Count Normal Range for Healthy Human 90005 90002 Together, these 3 type of blood cells amount to a total 45% of the blood tissue by volume, with the staying 55% of the volume composed of plasma, the liquid component of blood. The volume percentage of red blood cells in the blood (hematocrit) is measured by centrifuge or circulation cytometry and is 45% of cells to overall volume in males and 40% in females. 90003 90027 90028 Red cells normally comprise 40-50% of the total blood volume.90029 90028 White cells exist in variable numbers and types however comprise a really small part of blood’s volume- normally just about 1% in healthy human. 90029 90032 90002 90003.